大学英语 跨文化交际 Chapter 8 Cultural influences on Contexts 黑龙江大学外语部

Quotation Live together like brothers and do business like strangers. —Arab Proverb Education is not the filling of a pail, but the lighting of a fire. —Wiliam Butler Yeats There are some remedies worse than the disease. —Publilius Syrus

Learning Objectives Chapter 8 Cultural Influences in the Contexts In this chapter, students will learn how to:  1. perceive the relationship between context and communication.  2. describe different views towards various contexts in different cultures.  3. understand the management concept and behavioral modes of business context.  3. summarize the different roles and behavioral patterns of educational context.  4. evaluate the different attitudes and conversational structures of health care context.

Lead-in Case: How Do Students Learn? Lead-in Case: How Do Students Learn? 1. Do you often behave the same way in class as the students in the case? Why? 2. What suggestions can you give to Karen about how to teach Chinese students well? 3. What kind of cultural phenomenon can be reflected in the case above? Chapter 8 Cultural Influences in the Contexts

Chapter Outline Chapter Outline Cultural Influences on Contexts Business Etiquette Norms Culture's Influence Role Behaviors of Students and Teachers Culture's Influence Family and Gender Roles The Business Context The Educational Context The Health Care Context Communication and Context Classroom Participation Conversational Structures and Language Management Turn Taking Culture's Influence Chapter 8 Cultural Influences in the Contexts

Communication is influenced by external environment: all human interaction is influenced to some degree by the social, physical, and cultural settings in which it occurs. This is known as the communication context. Three basic assumptions about human communication:  Communication is rule governed Communication is rule governed  Contexts specify the appropriate rules Contexts specify the appropriate rules  Rules are cultural diverse Rules are cultural diverse Communication and Context Chapter 8 Cultural Influences in the Contexts Text A

 Communication is rule governed  People expect culturally determined patterns of behavior or rules to govern their interactions The rules differ depending on the context. Chapter 8 Cultural Influences in the Contexts

 Contexts specify the appropriate rules Contexts as a classroom, bank, church, hospital, courtroom, wedding, or funeral determine which communication rules apply bank Chapter 8 Cultural Influences in the Contexts

funeral Chapter 8 Cultural Influences in the Contexts  Contexts specify the appropriate rules

 Rules are culturally diverse Although cultures have many of the same social settings or contexts, they may employ different rules. Consequently, concepts of dress, time, language, manners, nonverbal behavior, and control of the communication flow can differ significantly among cultures. Chapter 8 Cultural Influences in the Contexts

The Business Context  Culture’s Influence on the Business Context  Management  Business Etiquette Norms Chapter 8 Cultural Influences in the Contexts Text B

 Culture’s Influence on the Business Context B usiness negotiation is intertwined with cultural exchange. This really is due to globalization, which is a result of growth in U.S. and foreign multina­tional industries since the 1960s. Chapter 8 Cultural Influences in the Contexts

 Management “Management” can be viewed differently from culture to culture. 1. Management In ChinaManagement 2. Management in the United Statesthe 3. Management in GermanyManagementGermany 4. Management in Japanin 5. Management in France 6. Management in Mexico and Latin America Chapter 8 Cultural Influences in the Contexts

1. Management in China CC hinese business values emphasize kinship, interpersonal connections, respect for elders, and hierarchy. Chapter 8 Cultural Influences in the Contexts

2. Management in the United States  In the United States, the manager is a cultural hero.  Dominant managerial values in the United States include “achievement and suc­cess, belief in hard work, pragmatism, optimism, Puritanism, rationality, impersonal­ity in interpersonal work relationships, equality of opportunity, acceptance of compe­tition, and individualism.” Chapter 8 Cultural Influences in the Contexts

3. Management in Germany  In Germany, the manager is not a cultural hero.  In fact, Germans do not have a very strong concept of management. Chapter 8 Cultural Influences in the Contexts

4. Management in Japan  The Japanese do not share a strong sense of man­agement. For them, the key component of the organization is the “worker group.”  Managers, section chiefs or department heads, value “groupism, harmony, acceptance of hierarchy in work relationships, sense of obligation, debt of lower level personnel to superiors, and consensual decision making.” Chapter 8 Cultural Influences in the Contexts

5. Management in France II n F r a n c e, m a n a g e r s a c t i n v e r y s u p e r i o r r o l e s.

6. Management in Mexico and Latin America  The Mexican and Latin American managerial style has often been characterized as autocratic( 独裁的 ) and paternalistic （家长式 作风）. Chapter 8 Cultural Influences in the Contexts

 Business Etiquette Norms AA ppointment Seeking TT he Date for Business GG reeting Behavior GG ift Giving Chapter 8 Cultural Influences in the Contexts

Appointment Seeking  When doing business in China, it is important to establish contacts before investing in a trip.  In much of Latin America, appoint­ments must be made a month in advance by mail or telephone and then followed up one week before the meeting  To do business in Saudi Arabia, you must have a sponsor act as an intermediary, make appointment, and arrange meetings. Chapter 8 Cultural Influences in the Contexts

The Date for Business  In Saudi Arabia, no business is conducted during Aid-al-Fitr—the three-day festival of breaking fast at the end of the month of Ramadan—and Aid-al-Adha—the three-day feast of sacrifice.  In Japan, business is not conducted during New Year’s holidays, Golden Week (April 29 to May 5), and Obon (in mid-August), because many people travel to the graves of their ancestors.  In Israel, the Jewish holy day, the Sabbath begins at sunset on Friday and ends at sunset on Saturday. Chapter 8 Cultural Influences in the Contexts

Greeting Behavior  Chinese people usually offer a brief handshake on meeting, but a more common form of greeting is a nod or bow from the shouldershandshakebow  In American, Both men and women shake hands on meeting and leaving. A small kiss on the cheek or a hug is appropriate between women or between men and women who have known each other for a long time.kisshug  In Saudi Arabia, greetings involve numerous handshakes and tend to be expressive and elaborate  In Finland, firm handshakes are the normal greeting for men and women. In Finland, it is customary for women to be greeted first. Chapter 8 Cultural Influences in the Contexts

 The middle-level manager in a large company outranks a department head from a smaller company.  The higher the rank of the person you are introduced to, the lower you bow.  The person of lower rank bows first and lowest.

Hug Chapter 8 Cultural Influences in the Contexts

Kiss Chapter 8 Cultural Influences in the Contexts

Gift Giving  Most Americans view gift giving in the business setting as a form of bribery, but for many cultures, gift giving is a standard part of business. Chapter 8 Cultural Influences in the Contexts

Gift giving in China Chapter 8 Cultural Influences in the Contexts

The Educational Context A.Cultural influence on the educational contextCultural influence on the educational context B.Role behaviors of students and teacherRole behaviors of students and teacher C.Classroom ParticipationParticipation D.Turn takingtaking Chapter 8 Cultural Influences in the Contexts Text C

A. Culture’s Influence on the Educational Context  All participants in the educational context - teachers, students, parents, school administrators, and other staff - bring their cultures’ beliefs, values, norms, and social practices with them Chapter 8 Cultural Influences in the Contexts

B. Role Behaviors of Students and Teachers Cultures differ in the ways they choose to define activities, social relations, the self, the world, and the passage of time. All of these choices can influence preferences for how students and teachers relate to each other in the classroom. Within many Asian and Asian American cultures, teachers are highly respected. Students and parents would not openly and directly question the authority and statements of a teacher.. Chapter 8 Cultural Influences in the Contexts

C. Classroom Participation  Some Native American children have a difficult time asking straightforward questions and looking directly at their teacher.  Similarly, many Native American and Asian American students are unwilling to volunteer, speak out, or raise problems or concerns unless the teacher specifically calls on them by name. Korean students are often unwilling to talk with their teachers even when the teachers have incorrectly calculated the students’ scores on an exam Chapter 8 Cultural Influences in the Contexts

D. Turn Taking  Turn taking within the classroom is also governed by cultural expectations. Watch how teachers in your various classes regulate the flow of conversations and contributions Chapter 8 Cultural Influences in the Contexts

 Culture’s Influence on the Health Culture’s Influence on the Health  Family and Gender Roles in the Health Care Context Family and Gender Roles in the Health Care Context  Conversational Structures and Language Conversational Structures and Language The Health Care Context Chapter 8 Cultural Influences in the Contexts Text D

 Culture’s Influence in the Health  Microreligious Approach Microreligious Approach  Naturalistic Approach NaturalisticApproach  Biomedical Approach. BiomedicalApproach Chapter 8 Cultural Influences in the Contexts

 Microreligious Approach  In the personalistic approach, health and illness are closely linked to supernatural forces. Mystical powers, typically outside of human control, cause health and illness. Chapter 8 Cultural Influences in the Contexts

 Naturalistic Approach  Illness is explained in systemic terms and occurs when organs in the body (such as the heart, lungs, liver, and kidneys) are out of balance with some aspect of nature. Chapter 8 Cultural Influences in the Contexts

 Biomedical Approach  People are thought to be controlled by biochemical forces Chapter 8 Cultural Influences in the Contexts

 Family and Gender Roles in the Health Care Context  The role of the individual patient, in contrast to the role of the family, is an important difference in the functioning of health care systems. The health care system in the United States typically focuses solely on the individual patient as the source of the medical problems in need of a cure. Chapter 8 Cultural Influences in the Contexts

 Conversational Structures and Language  Latinos and Arabs, for example, may engage in extensive small talk before indicating their reasons for the medical interview. Interviews with Native Americans may be punctuated with extensive periods of silence.  Ambiguities in the use of language can present additional difficulties in diagnosing and treating illnesses Chapter 8 Cultural Influences in the Contexts

 Homework and After-class Activities  Write a paper describing different cultural business etiquette (appointment seeking 、 the date for business greeting behavior 、 gift giving )  Surf on the Internet to collect more business etiquette required in business transactions Chapter 8 Cultural Influences in the Contexts

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