Two Scientific Revolutions II. The Birth of Islamic Sciences The Translation Movement

The New World Pax Islamica

The Translation Movement Translations in the Administration Translations in Sciences and Arts The New Culture and the New Elite

Translation and Writing Chinese Paper The Movement to Writing a. Umar II b. Administrative Records c. Jabirian Corpus The Acquisition of Books and the “Birth” of the Library

Strategies of Translation The Translator and the Thinker “Here the translator considers a whole sentence, ascertains its full meaning and then express it in Arabic with a sentence identical in meaning, without concern for the correspondence of individual words.” “I had an additional reason for omitting it. After I had read it, I found no more in it than what Galen had already said elsewhere. Hence, I thought that I should not occupy myself with it any further, but rather proceed to more useful matters”

Greek and Persian Knowledge Christianity and Paganism The Nestorian Factor The Hellenistic Persian Culture The Umayyad Factor

Gundeshapur Nestorian Schism and the Church of the East Nestorians, Persians and Greek Nestorians in Islam Role in Translation

Results of the Translation Movement The Birth of the Translator The Arabic speaking elites Arabic as a language of education

Methodology How to Read a Primary Source? The Author Author-Audience Relation Audience Expectations Interpreting Silence Language Views and Conceptions