G ENDER I DENTITY Jessica Grandlinard Emily Katona Katie Miller Abby Schwendeman Whitley Starnes

O VERVIEW Minority Identity Development Conformity Resistance and Separation Histories Political Economic Influence on Communication MC Applications

T HE T RUE T EST … G OOGLE IT ! FemininityMasculinity

C ONFORMITY Individuals have a strong desire to assimilate into the dominant culture and to internalize the values and norms of the dominant group.

C ONFORMITY C ONT ’ D Young girls toy aisles are all pink, filled with princess clothes and Barbie dolls. Boys toy aisles filled with monster trucks and G.I. Joes to stress the masculinity factor.

C ONFORMITY FOR W OMEN The unattainable Barbie standard. A real women could not have the proportions of a Barbie doll in full scale. 1 woman in 100,000 could have Barbie’s standards.

R ESISTANCE AND S EPARATION Resistance happens when the individual rejects the values and norms associated with the dominant group (or gender associated with their biological sex).

R ESISTANCE AND S EPARATION EXAMPLE: While it is popular thought in American culture that women must be thin, some women separate themselves from this “ideal” and embrace their full-bodied and curvaceous figures.

R ESISTANCE AND S EPARATION It is important to note that while Americans have their own standards and stereotypes for genders, other cultures may have extremely different ones. EXAMPLES: -- In the United States, it is considered beautiful to have full lips, but in Japan, it is not considered attractive at all. -- In the Middle East and Africa, full-figured women are considered to be more beautiful than thin women.

G ENDER H ISTORIES Definition: The histories of how cultural conventions of men and women are created, maintained, and/or altered.

P OLITICAL H ISTORIES Definition Written histories that focus on political events. FOCUS: Women in Politics United States

W OMEN IN H ISTORY Historical Restrictions Participation in the political history was restricted for women until1920 when women obtained the right to vote. Gradually, women start to participate in politics. Women running for government positions

W OMEN I N P OLITICS Making assumptions such as a woman will vote for another woman to be president. More scrutiny toward women than men in politics Appearance

Economic Inequality: All differences in the distribution of economic assets and Income among individuals, groups within a society, or countries G ENDER I NEQUALITY IN THE W ORKPLACE U.S. Bureau of Labor Statistics, Highlights of Women’s Earnings in 2008 In 1979, women earned about 62% as much as men Women-to-Men earning’s ratio peaked at 81% in 2005 and Weekly Salary o Men: $798 o Women: $638

GENDER INEQUALITY IN THE WORKPLACE Percentage of women employed in computer and engineering fields in 2008: 9% Most professional women work in the Education or Health Care fields “The Glass Ceiling” U.S. Bureau of Labor Statistics, Highlights of Women’s Earnings in 2008

E XAMPLE OF S ALARY I NEQUALITY WNBA vs. NBA Sources: WNBA Collective Bargaining Agreement, Top WNBA Salaries-How do they stack up?- Yahoo Sports, NBA Collective Bargaining Agreement Salary Cap 2010 WNBA Team Salary Cap: $827, NBA Team Salary Cap:$58,044,000 Minimum Rookie Salary 2010 WNBA Minimum Rookie Salary: $36, NBA Minimum Rookie Salary: $473,604 Maximum Salary 2010 WNBA Maximum Salary: $101, NBA Maximum Salary: $19,045,250

Communication is shared and negotiation by definition. It is dynamic, may be unintentional, and is receiver oriented. According to Tannen (1993), males are socialized to see the social world as basically hierarchical; and as a result males approach conversations as negotiations in which people try to achieve and maintain the upper hand if they can and protect themselves from others’ attempts to put them down and push them around. Gender Differences in Communication Patterns of Females... In contrast, females are socialized to see the world as a community and to focus on their connections with others in the community. As a result females approach conversations as negotiations for closeness in which people try to seek and give confirmation and support, and to reach consensus.

G ENDER ’ S I NFLUENCE ON C OMMUNICATION The concept of Title 9 was established on June 23, 1972 “No person in the United States shall, on the basis of sex, be excluded from participation in, be denied the benefits of, or be subjected to discrimination under any education program or activity receiving Federal financial assistance...” —United States Code Section 20

R ESIDENTIAL I NTERACTIONS Here at Manchester College, as well as in common aspects of society, it is evident that gender affects residential life. Separate housing arrangements and bathing facilities only seem appropriate.

C ONVERSATIONAL D IFFERENCES As long as “boys will be boys” and girls are notorious for being “chatty,” the style in which certain sexes communicate may also vary.