Unit 1: Foundations of Democracy Unit 1 Essential Questions: 1. Which form of government is the most effective and the most just? 2. How did Greco-Roman political philosophy, monotheistic moral teachings, and political reforms in medieval England influence the development of democratic values? Learning Target: I can explain how leaders of ancient Athens developed elements of a democratic political system and contrast it with Sparta’s military-centered society. During the Lecture: 1. Participate in all discussions and activities. 2. Write at least 2 questions, answers or comments on-line. HW: Unit 1 Packet. Pair/Share: Discuss the statement below. Come up with a possible explanation of what each quote means + examples from the past or present to back up your explanation. “Dictatorship naturally arises out of democracy, and the most aggravated form of tyranny* and slavery out of the most extreme liberty.” Plato Students are encouraged to ask online questions or write online comments about the discussion. Keep it classy though… *Tyranny + dicatorship—A system of government in which one person or a small group of people have a monopoly on political decisions that is enforced through violence and intimidation.

The Ancient Greeks: Athens vs. Sparta

Classical Age of Greece (700 – 323 B.C.E) Main Importance: Produced political, cultural & philosophical precedents which were key foundations for Western Civilization |--------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------| 700 B.C.E. 2015 C.E. 1 C.E. Timeline BCE = Before Common Era = BC = Before Christ CE = Common Era = AD = Anno Domini (Year of Our Lord)

Greek city-states

Athens vs. Sparta: Democracy (rule by the people) vs Athens vs. Sparta: Democracy (rule by the people) vs. oligarchy (rule by the few) If a word is underlined, it’s probably a vocab word you will see again on assessments.

Different Values Athenian Values Spartan Values Individuality Strength Beauty Freedom Spartan Values Strength Duty Discipline

Athenian Culture: Art and Beauty Athens valued art, beauty and the free exchange of ideas above all. Architecture, sculpture, paintings, vases, poetry, theater– these were central to Athenian culture. Keeping oneself fit was important. Athenians celebrated the natural beauty and abilities of the human body in sports and sculpture.

Athenian Government New, democratic ideas emerge from Athenian culture and society: Direct Democracy: Citizens elected their own representatives. Public Debate: Became an art in Athens to discuss and argue specifics of government. Duties of the Citizen: All citizens had responsibilities such as voting, participating in the government process.

Types of governments in Ancient Greece Hereditary: Something that comes from your parents. In this context, political power in a royal family.

First Steps towards democracy: Rule by the people. Solon: Athenian ruler who around 600 BCE introduced 4 classes of citizens (around 10% of the population) with voting power based on wealth (not heredity). Result? Political power shifted away from an aristocracy (rule by a few families which pass it down to their children) to a sort of meritocracy—Rule by the most qualified. Cleisthenes: Athenian ruler who in 507 BCE created a general assembly of all property owning men of Athens (still not a majority of the population, but more than under Solon). One free man = one vote. The assembly met regularly to decide on important issues for the city. Voting power (full citizenship) expanded to around 20% of the population. Result? Direct democracy: A system of rule in which citizens directly vote on every important decision. Cleisthenes came to power after a terrible civil war between commoners and aristocrats (nobility). How could we unite Athens and avoid future conflicts? The answer was an early form of direct democracy. Every 1,000 free citizens would be narrowed to 100. Those men would serve in the assembly for a short term (usually a month or two), then another 100 would rotate in to take their places.

Socrates Aristotle Plato 3 Athenian Philosophers 469-399 B.C.E. 3 Athenian Philosophers Had faith in an individual’s ability to seek truth by applying reason and logic. Explored a variety of topics including government, science, and math. Did not believe in what Americans would call “democracy” but their ideas influenced its development. Aristotle—Societies should be ruled by the middle classes. The rich are too greedy and the poor too debased (degenerate). Plato—Societies should be ruled by philosopher kings: Specially trained leaders known for their wisdom and fairness. Aristotle 384-322 B.C.E. Plato 427-347 B.C.E.

Discuss with partner, then write on the board Pick one, then one of you come on up to the board! It’s OK to guess. Either: Write a modern day example of direct democracy (left board). OR Write a pro or a con of direct democracy (right board). After the discussion, students are encouraged to ask online questions or write online comments about these questions. Keep it classy though…

Sparta- A City of Warriors Main focus: War and preparing for war. Why so strict? An early slave revolt led the Spartans to create strict laws that demanded strong obedience to the state. Limited artistic culture; war skills were the main priority.

Sparta It was here: SPARTA

Sparta- Rise of the Oligarchy olig (few) arche (rule) Rule by a few. Sparta was controlled by a king or by an oligarchy, usually high ranking military officials. Citizens were not encouraged to speak freely.

How they WERE ruled Not allowed to travel. Xenophobic: Outsiders not welcome. Discouraged from studying philosophy, literature, or arts.

Culture Everything went towards developing and fielding a strong army. Sparta was a military culture. Everything went towards developing and fielding a strong army. Children were taught at home until they were seven At 7, they began their physical and military training. At 13, they were dropped off deep in the woods in groups with nothing. They had to survive (without theft) and make it home to pass the test.

Plutarch on the Spartans "They learned reading and writing for basic needs, but all the rest of their education was to make them well-disciplined and steadfast in hardship and victorious in battle. For this reason, as boys grew older, the Spartans intensified their training, cutting their hair short and making them used to walking barefoot and for the most part playing naked. When the boys reached the age of twelve, they no longer had tunics to wear, but got one cloak a year. Their bodies were tough and unused to baths and lotions. They enjoyed such luxury only a few special days a year. They slept, in packs, on beds which they got together on their own, made from the tops of the rushes to be found by the river Eurotas. These they broke off with their bare hands, not using knives." Plutarch was Ancient Rome’s most famous historian. He wrote this centuries after the Classical Age of Ancient Greece ended.

Military Men married at the age of 20. Had to live in barracks for ten years. At the age of 30, men could finally move home and were full citizens. They still ate every meal in the military dining hall, where the food was sparse and plain. Spartans saw luxury as weakness.

Women in Sparta/Athens A Spartan mother would say to her son as he goes off to war: “Return with your shield, or on it.” Girls in Sparta were to grow up to be the mothers of warriors. Although they were not allowed to fight, Spartan girls took part in all the same training as boys because fit women produced fit male warriors. Spartan women had equal property rights and since so many men died in battle, many ended up running businesses, farms, etc. Some became wealthy. In Athens, women had almost no property rights, and were not considered important members of society by most men.