Military/NATO Applications of Wireless LANs NATO UNCLASSIFIED Military/NATO Applications of Wireless LANs Dr. Davras Yavuz NATO C3 Agency (Formerly SHAPE Technical Center) CISD Division, Applied CIS Technology Branch Den Haag, Netherlands Tel: 31 70 374 3044, Fax: 374 3049 yavuz@nc3a.nato.int www.nc3a.nato.int - This paper at www.nc3a.info/Briefings NATO UNCLASSIFIED NATO UNCLASSIFIED 21 April, 2017

~ 530 Staff from ~ all NATO nations NATO UNCLASSIFIED NATO C3 Agency The Hague, NL (Former STC) Brussels, BE (NACISA) ~ 530 Staff from ~ all NATO nations (~ 340 NL, ~190 BE ) NATO UNCLASSIFIED NATO UNCLASSIFIED 21 April, 2017

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Introduction NATO UNCLASSIFIED Until late 1980s mobile/deployable/tactical operations were national responsibilities - NATO involvement was small NATO provided primarily strategic & high level command co-ordination/connectivity In last decade deployed, Combined Joint Task Force (CJTF) operations (multi NATO and PfP nations) have become highly significant May 2002 Exercise Combined Endeavor (Baumholder Germany) had 40 nations participating Hence mobile/deployable operations support is now an important part of our tasking Mobile/Deployable SATCOM, Wireless comms for HQs, PCS (e.g. GSM), PMR (e.g. TETRA), DTAB, DVB, … Wireless LAN activities form an important component of these NATO UNCLASSIFIED NATO UNCLASSIFIED 21 April, 2017

Mobile/Tactical Comms Divergence NATO UNCLASSIFIED Mobile/Tactical Comms Divergence Fixed communications Fiber-optic/photonic revolution: Essentially unlimited capacity is now possible/available if/when a cable can be installed Mobile/Tactical communications No technological revolution similar to photonic foreseen Radio propagation will be the limiting factor Mainstay will be radio: Tactical LOS tens/hundreds of Kbps, BLOS (rough terrain and/or long distances) few Kbps Star-wars scenarios : Moving laser beams ??? LEO satellites will provide some 100s of Kbps at a cost Divergence will continue Input into the five senses : appx 100 Shannon/Entropy bps For transmission redundancy : x 10 = 1 Kbps Therefore: we must treat mobile/tactical comms differently NATO UNCLASSIFIED NATO UNCLASSIFIED 21 April, 2017

Commercial & Military Wireless LAN (WLAN) requirements NATO UNCLASSIFIED Commercial & Military Wireless LAN (WLAN) requirements Commercial/Corporate requirements Higher throughputs Larger populations of users (rapid office space reconfiguration/move, no wire/fiber infrastructure, “hot desk” policies, …,) Applications require increasing capacities/digital info exchange Security with acceptable risk Low cost, ease of setup/upgrade, … etc. Military (NATO) requirements Two types - Large, essentially static headquarter requirements very similar to commercial/corporate requirements (as above) - in some cases much higher levels of security - Rapidly deployed headquarters and on-the-move connectivity for relatively short messages with “some” security Tactical information generally needs to be protected for short periods NATO UNCLASSIFIED NATO UNCLASSIFIED 21 April, 2017

We concentrate on the second: NATO UNCLASSIFIED We concentrate on the second: Rapidly deployed headquarters and on-the-move connectivity for relatively short messages with “acceptable” security Tactical information is generally highly “perishable” and time dependent : needs to be protected for short periods Commercial/COTS security “may be” acceptable ? 2 Kbyte text messages sent in a few msecs can typically replace voice messages of many minutes Electronic detection, jamming : Microwave ovens Moving WLAN frequency band reduces “microwave-oven jammer” threat. Moving it to lower frequencies (e.g. MIL UHF band 225- 380 Mhz) also provides propagation/penetration advantages especially in forest (Norway: wet, iced, …) environments En-route Mission Planning and Rehearsal System (EMPRS) demonstrated during US Army Comms - Electronics Command’s (CECOM) Joint Contingency Force Advanced Warfighting Experiment (JCFAWE) Can also be potentially linked to GBS (Global Broadcast System) & TACSAT NATO UNCLASSIFIED NATO UNCLASSIFIED 21 April, 2017

2.4 GHz ISM Band Allocations NATO UNCLASSIFIED 2.4 GHz ISM Band Allocations USA 2.4000 - 2.4835 GHz (BW 83.5 MHz) Most of Europe as USA Japan 2.471 - 2.497 GHz (26 MHz) France 2.465 - 2.4835 GHz (37 MHz) Spain 2.445 - 2.475 GHz (30 MHz) …... Was essentially driven by the initiation of microwave-oven manufacturing/proliferation ~ 3 decades ago NATO UNCLASSIFIED NATO UNCLASSIFIED 21 April, 2017

225 - 400 MHz Band Harmonized Military Band within NATO NATO UNCLASSIFIED Harmonized Military Band within NATO Radio navigation band 328.600 - 335.400 MHz 380 - 385 & 390 - 395 recently assigned to emergency digital land systems (e.g. TETRA) 385 - 390 & 395 - 400 MIL-TETRA by some nations Many A/G/A & UHF SATCOM assignments e.g ~ 3300 A/G/A assignments (each 25 KHz) HaveQuick & SATURN hopsets Various military radio relay assignments Realistically we should consider 225 - 380 MHz as the “Military” band available to NATO nations in future NATO UNCLASSIFIED NATO UNCLASSIFIED 21 April, 2017

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A Maritime Scenario Text NATO UNCLASSIFIED NATO UNCLASSIFIED 21 April, 2017

Slide Title NDRE/FFI (Norway) Trials in 2001 NATO UNCLASSIFIED 21 April, 2017

Wireless LAN connection NATO UNCLASSIFIED Slide Title Wireless LAN connection between aircraft NATO UNCLASSIFIED NATO UNCLASSIFIED 21 April, 2017

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Does knowing the algorithm make a cipher implementation vulnerable ? Security NATO UNCLASSIFIED Wired Equivalent Privacy 802.11 (WEP) Can be compromised by recording traffic over the network Requires few days to many hours of recording - higher the data rate smaller the recording period Updates being worked on Rijndael - Advanced Encryption Standard (AES) Replacement for DES NIST competition announced in 1997 Many submissions from 11 countries Winner announced Oct 2000 Rijndael (Vincent Rijmen & Joan Daemen (BE) Does knowing the algorithm make a cipher implementation vulnerable ? NATO UNCLASSIFIED NATO UNCLASSIFIED 21 April, 2017

Slide Title Rijndael NATO UNCLASSIFIED NATO UNCLASSIFIED 21 April, 2017

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Slide Title Rijndael NATO UNCLASSIFIED NATO UNCLASSIFIED 21 April, 2017

NATO UNCLASSIFIED Conclusions There is a dichotomy between corporate/COTS needs for WLANs and one important class of military requirements Wireless connectivity for a small (at most few tens) number of users/units on-the-move and for rapid deployment/redeployment in e.g. forest (dense, wet, iced) environments 802.11 in the MIL UHF band (225 - 400/380 MHz) is a good solution - spectrum clearance ? Removes microwave-jammer threat, longer propagation ranges Small but important market Security Improved WEP Rijndael / AES Paper & these slides may be found at www.NC3A.info/Briefings/MPRG NATO UNCLASSIFIED NATO UNCLASSIFIED 21 April, 2017