Climate Science What earth systems processes influence climate change? Jaywalking – What is Global warming? What earth systems processes influence climate change? What impact will climate change have on me as a global citizen? What can be done to create a sustainable global community?

Spheres of Earth Sources and sinks www.eoearth.org

Lithosphere Solid part of the earth. Crust and upper mantle http://thundafunda.com/uncategorized/hq-desktop-wallpaper-forces-of-nature-volcanoes-thunder-lightning/ Lithosphere Solid part of the earth. Crust and upper mantle ~75-100km thick http://www.physicalgeography.net/fundamentals/images/lithosphere.gif What phenomena occur in the lithosphere and relate to climate? Ask student to add to this list using their trading cards. - Plates and convection currents discuss.

http://www.coralreefinfo.com/images/coral_reef.jpg Biosphere http://earthobservatory.nasa.gov/Features/WorldOfChange/images/biosphere/global_biosphere_2003_lrg.jpg Ask student to add to this list using their trading cards Parts of the land, sea, and atmosphere in which organisms are able to live. What phenomena occur in the biosphere and relate to climate?

Cryosphere Frozen parts of Earth: http://earth.rice.edu/mtpe/cryo/cryosphere/what_images/ramseier_aerial_view.jpg Frozen parts of Earth: Snow Sea Ice Lake Ice/River Ice Frozen ground and permafrost. Glaciers Ice Sheets Cryosphere What phenomena occur in the cryosphere and relate to climate? Ask student to add to this list using their trading cards http://www.digitaluniverse.net/images/19061/350x0/scale/CryosphereThm.jpg

http://www.windows2universe.org/earth/Water/images/wave_ucar.jpg Combined mass of water found on, under, and over the surface of the planet. What phenomena occur in the hydrosphere and relate to climate? Hydrosphere http://www.physicalgeography.net/fundamentals/images/hydrocycle.gif Ask student to add to this list using their trading cards

Atmosphere The gaseous envelope surrounding the earth. http://www.williamsclass.com/EighthScienceWork/Atmosphere/AtmosphereEarth.jpg Atmosphere The gaseous envelope surrounding the earth. Exosphere, Thermosphere, Mesosphere, Stratosphere, & Troposphere. http://www.theozonehole.com/images/atmospbhere.gif What phenomena occur in the atmosphere and relate to climate? Ask student to add to this list using their trading cards

http://www.phys.port.ac.uk/units/2007/global/Anthrosphere.gif Anthrosphere The anthrosphere is that part of the environment that is made or modified by humans for use in human activities. What phenomena occur in the anthrosphere and relate to climate Ask student to add to this list using their trading cards

Solar energy heats the atmosphere Energy from the sun Heats air Moves air Creates seasons Influences weather and climate Solar radiation is highest near the equator

Direct vs. Indirect Heating

Solar energy creates seasons Each hemisphere tilts toward the sun for half the year Because the Earth is tilted Results in a change of seasons Equatorial regions are unaffected by this tilt, so days average 12 hours through the year

Tilt of the Earth: The Reason for the Seasons

Solar energy causes air to circulate Air near Earth’s surface is warmer and moister than air at higher latitudes Convective circulation = less dense, warmer air rises and creates vertical currents Rising air expands and cools Cool air descends and becomes denser, replacing warm air Influences both weather and climate FROM http://www.windows.ucar.edu/tour/link=/earth/images/atmosphere_mural_jpg_image.html Ocean, weather, mantel converstions

What processes make weather on a global scale? DIFFERENTIAL HEATING OF EARTH’S SURFACE FROM http://user.gs.rmit.edu.au/caa/global/coriolis.html ROTATION OF THE EARTH GLOBAL PATTERN OF: 1) PREVAILING WINDS 2) LATITUDINAL BELTS OF HIGH AND LOW PRESSURE

The atmosphere drives weather and climate http://www.london.ca/Emergency_Management/images/lightning.png Weather = specifies atmospheric conditions over short time periods and within a small geographic areas. Climate = describes patterns of atmospheric conditions across large geographic regions over long periods of time Mark Twain said “Climate is what we expect; weather is what we get” Class discussion about climate and weather in various locations with examples.

Graphs of climatic factors through time

Natural causes of climate variation Atmosphere Sun Milankovitch Cycles Ocean atmosphere interactions El Nino/La Nina Ocean Circulation Volcanoes Sun ocean connection: http://www.google.com/imgres?imgurl=http://3.bp.blogspot.com/_AfXoIl2WfMs/TTlZkWFdj5I/AAAAAAAAAA8/3bC9geCs-ss/s1600/GRAPH%2B11.jpg&imgrefurl=http://wwwtimeless-frkeve.blogspot.com/2011/01/climate-change-its-not-science-stupid.html&usg=__SUgc_DYzZAHjZGNzZF-szzgA6OY=&h=325&w=431&sz=57&hl=en&start=12&sig2=y5bFySwR3SUj8cUbQXcCWw&zoom=1&tbnid=JI0lz0OPHGZfqM:&tbnh=121&tbnw=161&ei=yDMnTrPrIe_RiAK-rO3zCQ&prev=/search%3Fq%3Dpollen%2Bclimate%2Bchange%2Bgraph%26hl%3Den%26biw%3D1080%26bih%3D602%26gbv%3D2%26tbm%3Disch&itbs=1&iact=rc&dur=203&page=2&ndsp=14&ved=1t:429,r:3,s:12&tx=90&ty=21

The Greenhouse Effect - Atmosphere http://www.sciencebuzz.org/sites/all/files_static/global_warming/greenhouse_effect.gif http://www.ecoslopes.com/wp-content/uploads/2009/03/greenhouse-effect-solutions-300x225.jpg The atmosphere = without it, the Earth’s temperature would be much colder Earth’s atmosphere, clouds, land, ice, and water absorb 70% of incoming solar radiation

Atmosphere - Greenhouse/Heat trapping Gases and major sources Carbon Dioxide (CO2) = Burning fossil fuels (oil, coal, natural gas) and other combustion reactions such as forest fires. Methane (CH4) = fossil fuel deposits, termites, livestock, landfills, crops such as rice, melting permafrost. HIPPO VIDEO Nitrous oxide (N2O) = feedlots, chemical manufacturing plants, auto emissions, and synthetic nitrogen fertilizers http://img66.imageshack.us/img66/6246/reducingsmogpollution.jpg Greenhouse Simulation

Greenhouse/Heat trapping Gases and major sources Ozone (O3 ) = risen due to photochemical smog. Stratosphere= Good Troposphere= Bad Halocarbon gases (CFCs/HCFCs/HFCs) = Man-made, primarily found in refrigerants and blown foam products. CFCs are declining due to the Montreal Protocol. Water vapor (H2Ov) = the most abundant greenhouse gas and contributes most to the greenhouse effect

SUN- Energy Budget W/m2 Sun is the direct energy coming into the system. Clouds or other surfaces with high albedos have the ability to reflect solar radiation. Once absorbed by low albedos surfaces it is then reemitted as IR and is either reemitted or absorbed by GHGs before leaving atmosphere. It is then radiated back to the surface of the earth where it results in heating of the system. Turn to your neighbor and spend 2 minutes explaining what you see.

Paleoclimatology: An Investigation How do we know what we know? What is a proxy? Examples of proxies Ice cores Tree rings Pollen Speleothems Historical documents Coral Packrat Middens Resolution vs. Span Find video if want

Ice Cores Jim White: Stable Isotope Lab @ CU http://michigantoday.umich.edu/2009/11/vostok-graph.jpg Ice Cores Jim White: Stable Isotope Lab @ CU

Tree Rings http://saima-tutkimus.fi/saimapictures/kiekkoisov.jpg http://www.ncdc.noaa.gov/paleo/ctl/images/16thchron2.jpg http://saima-tutkimus.fi/saimapictures/kiekkoisov.jpg Tree Rings

http://www. windows2universe. org/earth/climate/images/stalagmites_sm http://www.windows2universe.org/earth/climate/images/stalagmites_sm.jpg http://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/a/a1/Labeled_speleothems.jpg Speleothems http://www.ncdc.noaa.gov/paleo/pubs/smith2006/fig1.jpg

Pollen Canadian model Hadley model http://lh5.ggpht.com/_j1cdMMQnYns/TMLGrbaJP_I/AAAAAAAAJMU/2CNdQce5DKw/lavender-pollen-grain--lavandula-dentata--80200172-m%5B4%5D.jpg Canadian model Hadley model

http://www. climateshifts http://www.climateshifts.org/wp-content/uploads/2011/02/Bellwood-et-al-Fig-1.jpg Coral bleaching http://switchboard.nrdc.org/blogs/fbeinecke/Bleached.coral.jpg As temperatures increase the corals “bleach” and dye off. Additionally, the increase in sea temperatures will cause sea levels to rise decreasing photosynthesis.

Historical http://www.ncdc.noaa.gov/paleo/historical.html