Revolutionizing the Human Body: Implications of the new scientific view of humans as complex natural machines

Pre- “New Science” Views Hey! Don’t look at that...that’s dirty and it has no place in a class room!

-believed that each healthy body possessed 4 bodily fluids: -blood -black and yellow bile -phlegm - They thought woman were defective men (Aristotelian view) Pre- “New science” views During the 17 th and 18 th centuries, important men frequently donned frilly collars and retired to private quarters to play with dead people.

- Men had one more rib than women did - The human jawbone was divided into two individual parts - It was commonly believed that the liver was the source of human blood - Human blood only passed through the right side of the heart, only passing to the left side through invisible pores More pre- “new Science” views Because who doesn’t love this type of thing? This picture really has nothing to do with the content of this slide. It was chosen for its aesthetic value. The makers of this slide apologize.

Big names Of the “new sciences”

1. Biography - Born December 31, 1514 in Brussels - Studied under Jacques Dubois - Worked at University of Padua - Physician of Emperor Charles V - Died October 15, 1564 Andreas Vesalius The arm that we see Andreas holding once belonged to an upstanding young man named Sir Chadwick Browning, who sadly died in a freak paper-mache accident.

Andreas Vesalius 2. Accomplishments - Known as the father of anatomy - Published the first set of anatomical drawings in On the Workings of the Human Body - One of the first to practice dissection on corpses - Countless anatomical discoveries

3. Effects - Influenced Harvey and countless others - Greatly increased understanding of the human body -Made the practice of cadaver dissection more acceptable - “A champion of careful observation, Vesalius ( ) helped modernize medicine and anatomy by insisting on meticulous dissection of human cadavers. The detailed woodcuts in his 1543 masterwork set the standard for future medical illustrations.” (From Lessons From the Anatomy Master, Science, , 8/8/2003, Vol. 301, Issue 5634) Andreas Vesalius This is one of Vesalius’ famous woodcuts, mentioned in the text. (Note: This caption contains no humor b/c the classroom is no place for fun)

- credited with first correctly describing properties of blood being pumped around body by heart - developed ideas of Descartes - discovered and extended early Muslim medicine, especially work of Ibn Nafis, who laid out principles of major arteries and veins William “Wild Bill” Harvey Here we see Bill’s 5 th grade picture. As a child, he was often teased and called such names as “Big Hairy Bill.”

- personal physician to James I and Chuck I -ideas viciously attacked by Jean Riolan in "Opuscula anatomica“ -was unable to distinguish the capillary network and so could only theorize on how the transfer of blood from artery to vein occurred -work had very little effect on general medical practice at the time (blood letting still continued) but his work did encourage others to investigate questions raised by his research Can’t get enough Wild Bill... Meatloaf should always be heated before consumption occurs

Mondino de Liuzzi -Used dissection to study the anatomy of the body - Wrote Anathomia, which was a manual for dissection and surgery -Anathomia was the guidebook for all of Europe for about 3 centuries after his death - Anathomia was thought to be so complete that anything not in the text was considered an anomaly

- Professor of Medicine at University of Bologna -Divided body into three main parts, upper (head and appendages) thorax, and abdomen -Extremely detailed description of the heart, but continues to think air originates via the blood -Reintroduced the Alexandrian School (a school dissecting humans rather than animals) Mondino de Liuzzi

-Helped change incorrect, long-standing theories -created foundation for further research into the complex anatomy of humans -Allowed for better understanding of the workings of the body, which in turn led to more effective medication to treat illnesses - The ideas for this “new science” were formulated by great thinkers (Vesalius,etc.) but were carried out by normal doctors Overall effects of the “new Science” views

Overall effects of the “New Science” Views (cont.) - During the 17 th and 18 th centuries, 2 of the most common deaths were trauma and infection, therefore knowledge of circulation helped doctors treat the traumatic injuries, dissection helped with operating, though it was still limited until anesthesia - Helping understand relationships (muscle-bone) helped doctors deal with injuries such as fractures - Knowledge begets knowledge i.e. learning about blood helped learning about liver which helped learn about...(and so on and so forth) Information on this slide courtesy of Dr. Daniel Congreve (not seen above)

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