What Are Biomolecules???? Biomolecules There are 4 biomolecules Proteins Carbohydrates Lipids Nucleic Acids The 4 biomolecules are large molecules that are necessary for life Bio = Life Molecule = a group of atoms held together by bonds Nicknames Organic molecules Organic = living matter Macromolecules Macro = large Biomolecules

Functions of Biomolecules

Set Up Your Notes Biomolecule Functions Important Source Proteins Carbohydrates Lipids Nucleic Acids

PROTEINS Functions Provide structure Transport substances into and out of cells Speed up chemical reactions Important… Proteins are found EVERYWHERE!!!! Source Meat Eggs Beans Nuts

Functions Short term energy storage Source Bread Potatoes Fruit Sugar CARBOHYDRATES Functions Short term energy storage Source Bread Potatoes Fruit Sugar

LIPIDS Functions Long term energy storage Insulate the body Cushion organs Important Lipids make up cell membranes Source Oil Wax (butter) Fat (bacon)

NUCLEIC ACIDS Functions Store genetic information Important The only 2 examples are DNA & RNA Can be found in….. You can’t eat your DNA silly!!!

Structures of Biomolecules

First things first…Chemistry 101 Letters represent different elements More Bonds = More Energy Circles are more stable than lines Element Key C = carbon O = oxygen H = hydrogen N = nitrogen P = phosphorus S = sulfur

All biomolecules are formed through POLYMERIZATION Monomers: Any small molecule that can be joined together Polymers: Any large molecule made up of small units Polymerization: Small molecules (monomers) bond together to former larger molecules (polymers)

Polymerization…A Closer Look Dehydration Synthesis Bond is formed between two monomers through the loss of a water molecule Build polymers Bond formed - Peptide bond Hydrolysis: Bond is broken between two monomers through the addition of a water molecule Break down polymers

Set Up Your Notes Biomolecule Elements Monomers Polymer Notes Proteins Carbohydrates Lipids Nucleic Acids

PROTEINS The Elements Carbon Nitrogen Hydrogen Oxygen The Monomer Amino acids The Polymer Protein

The structure of proteins is VERY important STRUCTURE = FUNCTION

CARBOHYDRATES The Elements Carbon Hydrogen Oxygen The Monomer Monosaccharides = Simple sugars The Polymer Polysaccharides = Complex Carbohydrates = Starches & Glycogen

LIPIDS The Elements Carbon Hydrogen Oxygen Made up of (not a polymer) Glycerols + Fatty Acids

Families of lipids Phospholipids Fats Steriods LIPIDS…A Little More Families of lipids Phospholipids Fats Steriods

Glycerol Head - Hydrophilic Phospholipids Basic Structure Head - glycerol + PO4 Tail - 2 fatty acids Make up cell membranes Glycerol Head - Hydrophilic Fatty Acid Tail - Hydrophobic

Fats Basic Structure Head - glycerol Tail - fatty acids Triacylglycerol Glycerol linked to 3 fatty acids

Saturated vs Unsaturated Fats

Saturated fats All C bonded to H No C=C double bonds long, straight chain most animal fats solid at room temp. contributes to cardiovascular disease (atherosclerosis) = plaque deposits Mostly animal fats 23

Unsaturated fats C=C double bonds in the fatty acids plant & fish fats vegetable oils liquid at room temperature the kinks made by double bonded C prevent the molecules from packing tightly together Mostly plant lipids Think about “natural” peanut butter: Lots of unsaturated fats Oil separates out Companies want to make their product easier to use: Stop the oil from separating Keep oil solid at room temp. Hydrogenate it = chemically alter to saturate it Affect nutrition? 24

Saturated vs. Unsaturated  25

NUCLEIC ACIDS The Elements Carbon Hydrogen Oxygen Nitrogen Phosphorus The Monomer Nucleotides The Polymer Nucleic Acids (DNA & RNA)