VAM: Value, Authority, Motivation Proofs involving ethos and pathos address these appeals to the audience and can have great persuasive power http://www.motorward.com/2013/02/jeep-super-bowl-ad- narrated-by-oprah-video/ 7min write-How does this commercial use ethos and pathos to convince the consumer to buy? Does this combo of famous voice(ethos) and American Values (pathos) have great persuasive power?

Sources and Types of Proof This PowerPoint can be used for an introduction of or a review of the main concepts in Chapter 6 of the text. Feel free to add your own talking points to the notes pages. Minnis

Straight from the horse’s mouth! Primary Source Present during an experience or time period Offer an inside view of a particular event Straight from the horse’s mouth! A primary source witnesses, records first-hand, or participates directly in an event

Examples of Primary Sources Diary of Anne Frank WWII history The Constitution of Canada Canadian history  A current scientific journal article reporting NEW research, discovery, or findings  Science Weavings and pottery Native American history  What might you get from a primary source that would not be available from a secondary source?

Secondary Source Secondary Source Primary Source Primary Sources Secondary sources provide interpretation and analysis of primary sources. Secondary sources are one step removed from the original event or "horse's mouth." Most of the sources we use are secondary sources

Examples of Secondary Sources: Britannica Online encyclopedia American National Biography (database) Critic’s review analyzing a play, poem, novel, or short story Magazine or newspaper article about events or people Political commentary about an election What advantage might a secondary source offer over a primary source?

Aristotle’s Categories of Proof Physical Evidence ‘Laid on the table’ Thoughtful Persuasion Logos Ethos Pathos Point out that these categories, laid out so long ago by a Greek philosopher, remain useful. Logos, Ethos, Pathos will be further explained in subsequent slides.

Physical Evidence: Can you lay it on the table? The most natural association with physical evidence is to its use in criminal investigations, where hard evidence that can be ‘laid on the table’ is necessary to secure a conviction. You may want to have students brainstorm a list of types of physical evidence.

Ethos=Authority Ethos: Opinions Judgments Impressions Reputation Credentials Respect for character and experience For proof that builds credibility, your audience’s perception of your authority is key. You need to establish good credentials to build respect for your expertise

Pathos=Motivation Feelings Motives Values Pathos: Emotion Ideals Issues worth arguing are often issues that provoke strong feelings and powerful opinions. Pathos appeals to the emotions generated by those strong feelings. Ideals Beliefs Ethics and morals

Logos=Reason Facts Statistics Real examples Common sense Logic Understanding Logos: Objective Evidence Facts Statistics Real examples

How to test the PROOF- Is the evidence relevant to the claim? Does your evidence reach the conclusion correctly? Or are you reaching? Is the evidence up to date? Is it slanted to work? This acronym is presented in the text on p. 184. Pages 184-196 present additional explanation and examples.

Tests of Validity-Activity With your groups, you will… Finish Audience Analysis-Mon Finish Claim/Warrant/Support-Mon And…. Trade your annotated bibliography within your groups Groups look for a source example of Logos, Ethos, and Pathos Label on their Ann. Bib. Explain-How does it support that it is Logos, Ethos, and Pathos? Next to each source AND if they are missing one L/E/P suggest to them how they can add it into their research! Put your names at the top/type up your answers! Turn in! Source/Cards Notecards due Monday=5 source cards/10 notecards Paper Length=2,000-2,500 words (4-5 pages) Use this slide to introduce the next activity: small group preparation and presentation of each of the types of logical proof.