–South-central Montana. Great Plains area east of the Rocky Mountains and West of the Missouri River. Flag of the Northern Cheyenne.

1830s- Many Cheyenne move south to trade while most remain north to trade at Fort Laramie. 1840s-50s-Thousands of people move into Cheyenne and Lakota lands killing buffalo as they go by on trains and bringing disease.

July 2,1874- Custer leads 1,000 troops in search of a place to build a fort and find gold on Great Sioux Reservation. Dec.3,1875- All Indians are ordered onto reservations. June 16,1876- Battle of the Rosebud Cheyenne and Lakota warriors attack General Crooks’ troops. Also known to the Cheyenne as the ‘Battle were the Girl Saved Her Brother.’

June 25,1876- Battle of the Little Bighorn. Custer attacks Northern Cheyenne on Little Bighorn River. Spring Northern Cheyenne and Crazy Horse surrender. May 28,1877- Northern Cheyenne ordered South to Indian Territory in Oklahoma. Aug.5,1877- Northern Cheyenne join Southern Cheyenne in Indian Territory.

Sep. 9,1878- Approx. 300 Cheyenne flee North, pursued by U.S. Navy. Oct Northern Cheyenne reach Nebraska. Nov. 16,1884- President Chester A. Arthur signs Executive Order- Reservation established in Southern Montana for Cheyenne.

–Animals Buffalo Important Plants –Roots and herbs Remedies, ritual purification, sweat lodge, sometimes surgery. Both men and women were healers. –Wild animals Deer –Wild horses And many others

Climate –Semiarid grassland like – ft. above sea level –Cold winters, warm summers. –Low precipitation and humidity, much wind, sudden changes in temperature

Men hunted deer and buffalo. Also fished. Women harvested corn, squash, and beans. Also picked berries and dug roots. Trade and exchange –For other tribes’ horses, baby cradles, food, etc. –Traded with other tribes and white people for beads.

Mainly used dogs using travois. When European horse was introduced, Cheyenne could travel farther and quicker to migrate with the buffalo on which they relied on for food and hides.

Types of plants grown –Corn –Potatoes –Beans Animals domesticated Horse Dog

Stored surplus by drying meat on rocks or over a fire. They did not irrigate.

Women were in charge of taking down and putting up home. Also cook, clean, and watch after kids. Men were in charge of hunting and defending tribe. Also feeding the family. Only men could become chiefs. Both told stories of the past, artwork, music, and traditional medicine.

Long poles were used as the frame. Varying, one teepee could take hides. Sinew was used as a thread and bones used as decorations. They didn’t have any permanent villages because they had to move with the buffalo for meat and hides.

Medicine man, shaman, priests who practiced shamanism, dance, medicine. Medicine man and woman. Primary gods: –The Wise One Above –God of the Underworld –Haemmawihio: God of Creation –The Spirits at the Points of the Compass

Ceremonies: –Major ones –Hoxehe-vohomo’ ehestote (Sun dance) –Massaum ( Animal dance) –Sweet Medicine (Mutosyef) –All are still preformed.

Spiritual practices: –Two principal deities- The Wise One Above and God of the Underworld. –Four others at the points of the compass; N.E.W.S. –Preformed Sun Dance in most elaborate form. –Most prized objects- hat made of skin and hair of a buffalo cow. –Four arrows- 2 for hunting – 2 for battle. All in a Sacred Bundle.

Women wore long deerskin dresses with high fringed boots and hair long and loose or in braids. Men wore breechcloths and leather leggings. Sometimes a Plains War Shirt. Also moccasins, and hair in braids or worn long. Both were decorated with porcupine quills, shells, or elk teeth.

Made of deer and buffalo hides. Groups of different people wore different costumes and clothing. Dancers usually wore masks to symbolize the ceremony they performed. Ornaments included: –Feathers or horsehair, in hair. –War paint on body. –Jewelry such as necklaces, anklets, bracelets, etc.

Buckskin dresses Breechcloths Moccasins Boots Jewelry

They made geometric patterns. Artistic tradition reflected sacred an socioeconomic pursuits of men and women. They used hides, sinew, beads traded from white settlers, and plats for paint or mud. War scenes, heroic scenes, and stories of the past were some of the topics.

War scenes Heroic scenes Stories of the past

–Some tools are: Scrapers- usually made of stone of antlers. –Flesher- used for scraping leftover meat off of hides. Buffalo horn- used for spoons or cups. Buffalo bones- used for jewelry and ribs for sleds. Buffalo hooves- glue and cups.

Powerful bows and arrows War clubs Spears Shields

Cheyenne dialect- Algonquin language family. Alphabet of 14 letters.

One…Na’esteSun…Ese’he Two…NeseMoon…Taa’e-ese’he Three…Na’heWater…Mahpe Four…NeveWhite…Vo;kome Five…NohoYellow…Heove Man…HetaneRed…Ma’e Woman…He’eBlack…Mo’ohta Dog…Hotame or OeskesoEat…Emese See…EvoohtaHear…Enesta Sing…EnemeneLeave…Enhoota

Leaders: –Council of chiefs had 40 men. –You can be a solider, but not a chief at same time. –Leaders chosen: –Bravery –Wealth –Hospitality Population of tribe…approx.11,000 people enrolled.

Two united tribes: –Sotaae’o- Meaning Unknown –Tisitisistas- Like Hearted People In 400 years, they had gone though 4 stages of culture: Eastern Woodlands- sedentary/agricultural people-grew corn and beans Abandoned sedentary/agricultural life. Became a full fledged Plains horse culture tribe. Present day Minnesota/South Dakota. Continued forming tradition. Started bison hunting on Plains. Reservation Stage.

Fought in the Battle of the Rosebud (also known as the Battle Where the Girl Saved her Brother.) Also fought in the Battle of the Little Bighorn. Name comes from the Dakota-Sioux name: Sahiyenan, meaning “Red-Talker”

j language/index.htm Experssive Culture.html Buffalo Calf Road Woman, Agonito, Rosemary 242 pages Google Cheyenne Pictures