Chapter 14, 15 and 16 – MBA5041 Capital Structure Alternative Financial Instruments Patterns of Financing Capital-Structure Theory Modigliani and Miller: No Taxes and With Taxes Limits to the Use of Debt

Chapter 14, 15 and 16 – MBA5042 Common Stock (see page 384) Par Value Capital Surplus Retained Earnings Market Value, Book Value, and Replacement Value Shareholders’ Rights Dividends Classes of Stocks

Chapter 14, 15 and 16 – MBA5043 Par Value and Capital Surplus The stated value on a stock certificate is called the par value. Some stocks have no par value. The total par value (the number of shares multiplied by the par value of each share) is sometimes called the dedicated capital of the corporation. Usually refers to amounts of directly contributed equity capital in excess of the par value. –For example, suppose 1,000 shares of common stock having a par value of $1 each are sold to investors for $8 per share. The capital surplus would be ______.

Chapter 14, 15 and 16 – MBA5044 Retained Earnings The earnings that are not paid out as dividends are referred to as retained earnings.

Chapter 14, 15 and 16 – MBA5045 Market Value, Book Value, and Replacement Value Market Value is the price of the stock multiplied by the number of shares outstanding. –Also known as Market Capitalization Book Value –The sum of par value, capital surplus, and accumulated retained earnings is the common equity of the firm, usually referred to as the book value of the firm. Replacement Value –The current cost of replacing the assets of the firm. At the time a firm purchases an asset, market value, book value, and replacement value are equal.

Chapter 14, 15 and 16 – MBA5046 Shareholders’ Rights The right to elect the directors of the corporation by vote constitutes the most important control device of shareholders. Directors are elected each year at an annual meeting by a vote of the holders of a majority of shares who are present and entitled to vote. –The exact mechanism varies across companies. The important difference is whether shares are to be voted cumulatively or voted straight.

Chapter 14, 15 and 16 – MBA5047 Proxy Voting A proxy is the legal grant of authority by a shareholder to someone else to vote his or her shares. For convenience, the actual voting in large public corporations is usually done by proxy. Proxy fight: if shareholders are not satisfied with management, an outside group of shareholders can try to obtain as many votes as possible via proxy. They can vote to replace management by adding enough directors.

Chapter 14, 15 and 16 – MBA5048 Dividends Unless a dividend is declared by the board of directors of a corporation, it is not a liability of the corporation. –A corporation cannot default on an undeclared dividend. The payment of dividends by the corporation is not a business expense. –Therefore, they are not tax-deductible. Dividends received by individual shareholders are for the most part considered ordinary income by the IRS and are fully taxable. –There is an intra-corporate dividend exclusion: exclude 70% of dividends if they are corporate shareholders.

Chapter 14, 15 and 16 – MBA5049 Classes of Stock When more than one class of stock exists, they are usually created with unequal voting rights. Many companies issue dual classes of common stock. The reason has to do with control of the firm. the market prices of stocks with superior voting rights to be about 5 percent higher than the prices of otherwise- identical stocks with inferior voting rights.

Chapter 14, 15 and 16 – MBA50410 Corporate Long-Term Debt Interest versus Dividends Hybrid Securities Features of Long-Term Debt

Chapter 14, 15 and 16 – MBA50411 Interest versus Dividends Debt is not an ownership interest in the firm. Creditors do not usually have voting power. The corporation’s payment of interest on debt is considered a cost of doing business and is fully tax-deductible. Dividends are paid out of after-tax dollars. Unpaid debt is a liability of the firm. If it is not paid, the creditors can legally claim the assets of the firm.

Chapter 14, 15 and 16 – MBA50412 Basic Features of Long-Term Debt The bond indenture usually lists –Amount of Issue, Date of Issue, Maturity –Denomination (Par value) –Annual Coupon, Dates of Coupon Payments –Security –Sinking Funds –Call Provisions –Covenants Features that may change over time –Rating –Yield-to-Maturity –Market price

Chapter 14, 15 and 16 – MBA50413 Different Types of Debt A debenture is an unsecured corporate debt, whereas a bond is secured by a mortgage on the corporate property. A note usually refers to an unsecured debt with a maturity shorter than that of a debenture, perhaps under 10 years.

Chapter 14, 15 and 16 – MBA50414 Repayment Long-term debt is typically repaid in regular amounts over the life of the debt. The payment of long-term debt by installments is called amortization. Amortization is usually arranged by a sinking fund. Each year the corporation places money into a sinking fund, and the money is used to buy back the bonds.

Chapter 14, 15 and 16 – MBA50415 Seniority Seniority indicates preference in position over other lenders. Some debt is subordinated. In the event of default, holders of subordinated debt must give preference other specified creditors who are paid first.

Chapter 14, 15 and 16 – MBA50416 Security Security is a form of attachment to property. –It provides that the property can be sold in event of default to satisfy the debt for which the security is given. –A mortgage is used for security in tangible property. –Debentures are not secured by a mortgage.

Chapter 14, 15 and 16 – MBA50417 Indenture The written agreement between the corporate debt issuer and the lender. Sets forth the terms of the loan: –Maturity –Interest rate –Protective covenants.

Chapter 14, 15 and 16 – MBA50418 Preferred Stock Represents equity of a corporation, but is different from common stock because it has preference over common in the payments of dividends and in the assets of the corporation in the event of bankruptcy. Preferred shares have a stated liquidating value, usually $100 per share. Preferred dividends are either cumulative or noncumulative.

Chapter 14, 15 and 16 – MBA50419 Sources of Cash Flow (100%) Internal cash flow (retained earnings plus depreciation) 97% Long-term debt and equity 3% Uses of Cash Flow (100%) Capital spending 98% Net working capital plus other uses 2% Internal cash flow External cash flow Financial deficit

Chapter 14, 15 and 16 – MBA50420 Definition of Capital Structure The value of a firm is defined to be the sum of the value of the firm’s debt and the firm’s equity. V = B + S Value of the Firm SBSB SBSB

Chapter 14, 15 and 16 – MBA50421 Financial Leverage, EPS, and ROE Current Assets$20,000 Debt$0 Equity$20,000 Debt/Equity ratio0.00 Interest raten/a Shares outstanding400 Share price$50 Proposed $20,000 $8,000 $12,000 2/3 8% ? $50 Consider an all-equity firm that is considering going into debt. (Maybe some of the original shareholders want to cash out.)

Chapter 14, 15 and 16 – MBA50422 EPS and ROE Under Current Capital Structure RecessionExpectedExpansion EBIT$1,000$2,000$3,000 Interest000 Net income$1,000$2,000$3,000 EPS ROA ROE Current Shares Outstanding = 400 shares

Chapter 14, 15 and 16 – MBA50423 EPS and ROE Under Proposed Capital Structure RecessionExpectedExpansion EBIT$1,000$2,000$3,000 Interest Net income$360$1,360$2,360 EPS ROA ROE Proposed Shares Outstanding = 240 shares

Chapter 14, 15 and 16 – MBA50424 Financial Leverage and EPS (2.00) ,0002,0003,000 EPS Debt No Debt Break-even point EBI Advantage to debt Disadvantage to debt

Chapter 14, 15 and 16 – MBA50425 Assumptions of the Modigliani-Miller Model Homogeneous Expectations Homogeneous Business Risk Classes Perpetual Cash Flows Perfect Capital Markets: –Perfect competition –Firms and investors can borrow/lend at the same rate –Equal access to all relevant information –No transaction costs –No taxes

Chapter 14, 15 and 16 – MBA50426 MM Propositions I & II (No Taxes) Proposition I –Firm value is not affected by leverage V L = V U Proposition II –Leverage increases the risk and return to stockholders r s = r 0 + (B / S L ) (r 0 - r B ) r B is the interest rate (cost of debt) r s is the return on (levered) equity (cost of equity) r 0 is the return on unlevered equity (cost of capital) B is the value of debt S L is the value of levered equity

Chapter 14, 15 and 16 – MBA50427 The Cost of Equity, the Cost of Debt, and the Weighted Average Cost of Capital: MM Proposition II with No Corporate Taxes Debt-to-equity Ratio Cost of capital: r (%) r0r0 rBrB rBrB

Chapter 14, 15 and 16 – MBA50428 MM Propositions I & II (with Corporate Taxes) Proposition I (with Corporate Taxes) –Firm value increases with leverage V L = V U + T C B Proposition II (with Corporate Taxes) –Some of the increase in equity risk and return is offset by interest tax shield r S = r 0 + (B/S)×(1-T C )×(r 0 - r B ) r B is the interest rate (cost of debt) r S is the return on equity (cost of equity) r 0 is the return on unlevered equity (cost of capital) B is the value of debt S is the value of levered equity

Chapter 14, 15 and 16 – MBA50429 The Effect of Financial Leverage on the Cost of Debt and Equity Capital with Corporate Taxes Debt-to-equity ratio (B/S) Cost of capital: r (%) r0r0 rBrB

Chapter 14, 15 and 16 – MBA50430 Total Cash Flow to Investors Under Each Capital Structure with Corp. Taxes All-Equity RecessionExpectedExpansion EBIT$1,000$2,000$3,000 Interest000 EBT$1,000$2,000$3,000 Taxes (Tc = 35%$350$700$1,050 Total Cash Flow to S/H $650$1,300$1,950 Levered RecessionExpectedExpansion EBIT$1,000$2,000$3,000 Interest 8% ) EBT$360$1,360$2,360 Taxes (Tc = 35%)$126$476$826 Total Cash Flow $ $468+$640$1,534+$640 (to both S/H & B/H): $874$1,524$2,174 EBIT(1-Tc)+T C r B B $650+$224$1,300+$224$1,950+$224 $874$1,524$2,174

Chapter 14, 15 and 16 – MBA50431 Total Cash Flow to Investors Under Each Capital Structure with Corp. Taxes The sum of the debt plus the equity of the levered firm is greater than the equity of the unlevered firm. This is how cutting the pie differently can make the pie larger: the government takes a smaller slice of the pie! SGSG B All-equity firm Levered firm

Chapter 14, 15 and 16 – MBA50432 Limits to the Use of Debt (chapter 16) Financial Distress Costs Agency costs -- excessive leverage is costly to shareholders.