Solid-state Compact Blue-green Lasers: Research and Development; Practical Implementation and Applications in Science and Technology Stepan Essaian Spectralus Presentation April September 9, SPECTRALUS CORPORATION

Introduction to Spectralus September 9, Founded in 2003 Funded by angel investors in Raised expansion round of funding in 2007 Partnered with Satori Electric Co. in 2007 Now expanding production and sales Headquarters in Santa Clara, CA (USA) → Management Marketing and sales Customer support Laser lab Production facility in Yerevan, Armenia Crystal manufacturing World-class crystal R&D group Upgrades completed in 2008: Disco saw, polishing machines, etc. for better production capabilities Experienced team Strengths in crystal, optics, and laser design & manufacturing, consumer electronics, and instrumentation SPECTRALUS CORPORATION

September 9, Spectralus’ Periodically Poled Crystal Technology Spectralus developed and began production of new nonlinear optical crystals: periodically poled MgO-doped lithium niobate and lithium tantalate Also known as: periodically poled LiNbO 3, MgO:LiNbO 3, and LiTaO 3 These crystals enable new laser capabilities because of their advantages over traditional materials Wavelength conversion ~10x to100x more efficient than in old materials (KTP, LBO) They can be engineered for any target wavelength: UV, visible, IR, THz They are suitable for volume manufacturing for large consumer markets Low cost is achievable via proprietary wafer-scale production process SPECTRALUS CORPORATION

September 9, Spectralus’ Nonlinear Crystal Technology: What is Different? Nonlinear crystals convert laser wavelength from efficient IR range (1064nm, 976nm, 810nm) to application-desirable 532nm, 488nm, 460nm, 405nm, 355nm, etc. Traditional (uniform) crystals phase-match (synchronize) fundamental and converted laser beams within directions and nonlinearities defined by nature: Periodically poled crystals use highest nonlinearity coefficient and convert any wavelength (color) by appropriate design of poling period PP PP P2P2 Direction of polarization of ferroelectric material P2P2 PP PP d eff -d eff d eff -d eff d eff -d eff d eff -d eff SPECTRALUS CORPORATION

Comparison / Bulk Type and Waveguide Waveguide Advantage ： ・ High conversion efficiency by keeping incindent laser beam intensity Disadvantage ： ・ Low yield due to very small incidence area ・ High cost due to low yield

Comparison / Bulk Type and Waveguide Bulk Type Advantage ： Suitable for Mass-production due to wider incidence area than Waveguide Lower cost than Waveguide due to better production yield

Ready-to-pole wafer and poled grating Finished PPMgOLN elements Efficient nonlinear conversion in customer’s laser system Spectralus’ PPMgOLN Technology in Pictures September 9, SHG crystals OPO & DFG crystals 532nm green 488nm blue MgO:LiNbO3 with our patented processing (semi-conductor-fab compatible). US patent periodically poled domain grating SPECTRALUS CORPORATION

Spectralus Microchip Technology Spectralus Microchip is bulk type innercavity element, not a waveguide. Length of the Microchip is only 1-2mm which enables us producing compact size Green DPSS laser. Performance: Output power : mW (CW) WPE : ％ September 9, nm (IR Pump laser ） Lens Microchip Element

Main Green Laser Architectures September 9, 2015 SPECTRALUS CONFIDENTIAL 9 IP: Kuehnelt et al., US : Optically pumped semiconductor laser platform Discrete components, multiple alignment steps (cost!!!) Great packaging but low efficiency (7%) and high cost IP: Shchegrov, A.Mooradian et al, US 7,359,420 Electrically pumped semiconductor laser platform Discrete but components, medium cost, efficiency ~9% Technology, still needs work. But company is no longer … Spectralus Microchip DPSS Laser IP: S. Essaian et al, US application 11/ , publication number nm diode pumped solid state microchip laser platform Monolithic structure, practically no alignment steps, low cost High efficiency, 15-20%

Markets and Applications: Spectralus’ technology is enabling for … Laser Instrumentation Frequency-converted laser sources for: Biomedical (flow cytometry, DNA sequencing, etc.) – 488, 532, 473 nm Semiconductor inspection - 488, 532 nm Medical – nm Spectroscopy / security –  m Laser Instrumentation Frequency-converted laser sources for: Biomedical (flow cytometry, DNA sequencing, etc.) – 488, 532, 473 nm Semiconductor inspection - 488, 532 nm Medical – nm Spectroscopy / security –  m Consumer Electronics Efficient, low-cost visible lasers for Laser projectors Entertainment (e.g. laser shows) Consumer Electronics Efficient, low-cost visible lasers for Laser projectors Entertainment (e.g. laser shows) September 9, PD SPECTRALUS CORPORATION Military Applications Key product: Spectralus green laser for Laser displays Dazzlers

Market Opportunity in Mobile Projectors Mobile projectors is a huge emerging market, projected to be in multi-billion USD by 2011 First-generation LED-based mobile projectors just appeared in 2008: Toshiba, 3M, Dell LEDs are not bright enough. Industry wants laser sources but there is no adequate green product (red & blue ok) In the green-laser product race, leading players include large corporations: Corning, Osram, Mitsubishi However, Spectralus’ unique technology has the best chance to win on efficiency and low production cost September 9, M Toshiba Osram Spectralus SPECTRALUS CORPORATION

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Spectralus Green Laser Performance vs. Ambient Temperature The design temperature can (and will) be shifted towards higher values by changing the target PPLN temperature December 12, 2008 SPECTRALUS CONFIDENTIAL 13

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