Imperialism Through the Presidents and the Start of WWI AP US History Mrs. Housenick 2/1/10

1. Roosevelt’s “Big Stick” Policy ( ) ► Wanted greater US involvement in world affairs. ► Advocated for peaceful relations, but wanted a strong American presence in to ensure US prosperity. ► America as world policeman ► “Speak softly and carry a big stick”

2. Taft’s “Dollar Diplomacy” (1909) ► Encouraged US to invest in foreign relations ► Dollars, not bullets, would advance US authority and ensure stability. ► Ordered troops to Haiti, the Dominican Republic, and Mexico. ► Use of force was a way to teach other nations how to establish law and order.

Examples of Dollar Diplomacy ► US tried to buy access to Machurian railroads and sell back to China—failed miserably. ► US pumped money into Honduras and Haiti to keep out foreign investors ► Also sent troops  Example: Put down rebellion in Nicaragua

Wilson’s “Moral Diplomacy” (1912) ► US should champion democracy around the globe and help maintain world peace. ► Emphasized American ideals like democracy, believed America should help spread those ideals. ► Caused US to meddle in affairs in Latin America (esp. Mexico) and Asia.

Wilson’s New Direction in Foreign Policy ► Rejected dollar diplomacy ► Repealed Panama Canal Tolls Act and forced US to pay tolls on canal too ► Jones Act of 1916 gave Philippines territorial status and promise of independence ► Had to send US troops to Haiti to protect US lives and property (stayed for 19 years) and to Dominican Republic. ► Bought more land in Caribbean for US

Moralistic Diplomacy in Mexico ► 1913: During Mexican Revolution, the new revolutionary president was murdered and replaced with General Huerta.  Led to mass migration of Mexicans to US ► Business interests encouraged Wilson to intervene, but he refused, while also refusing to acknowledge Huerta  Believed he would teach South Americans to elect good men ► Did begin giving money and weapons to Huerta’s rival Carranza.

Moralistic Diplomacy in Mexico ctnd. ► Wilson outraged when Huerta arrested group of American sailors at Tampico and Huerta would not do 21 gun salute as part of his apology. ► Wilson ordered US Navy to seize Mexican port of Vera Cruz ► Almost war, until Wilson reached a truce with new president Carranza, who now resented Wilson’s meddling

Moralistic Diplomacy in Mexico ctnd. ► Pancho Villa upset with Wilson for his involvement in Mexican politics ► Killed US engineers on train in Mexico and later murdered 19 Americans in Columbus, New Mexico ► US sent troops under John Pershing into Mexico to find Villa.  Clashed with Carranza’s troops but never captured Villa  Problems with Germany meant US withdrew army from Mexico in 1917

What Events in Europe Led to World War I?

The Order of Events ► Serbian nationalists kill Austro-Hungarian duke. ► Austria Hungary warns Serbia, Serbia ignores ► Austria-Hungary declares war on Serbia ► Russia (Serbia’s ally) mobilizes troops near Germany ► Germans declares war on Russia and France (allies) ► Germany sends troops through neutral Belgium, Britain declares war on Germany

The American Response ► Neutrality! ► Economic, cultural and linguistic ties with Britain ► Most Americans were anti-German, especially after they discover plans for industrial sabotage.

WWI: A Boon to the US Economy ► Britain and France bought products in great amounts.  Germany could have bought from US but was stopped by British blockade. ► American bankers gave private loans to Allies.

German Threats Escalate ► Germans kept out of American trade by the British blockade. ► Began submarine warfare around British isles to break through blockade. ► Germans warned US might sink merchant ships.

Submarine Warfare ► The Germans warned Americans their merchant ships might be hit. ► Reaches a crisis point after Lusitania is torpedoed in 1915—128 Americans died. ► After sinking of British and French liners, Germans promised they would not sink unarmed ships without warning  SUSSEX PLEDGE

Wilson Wins Reelection (1916) ► Progressives die out in election after Roosevelt refuses to run again. ► Wilson wins over Charles Evans Hughes with his promise “He Kept Us Out of War.” ► Very close election, Wilson’s victory linked to his promise of further neutrality.  “He kept us out of war!”

Multiple Choice Practice Wilson’s initial attitude toward the Mexican revolutionary government was A) To refuse recognition of General Huerta’s regime by avoid American intervention B) To intervene with troops on behalf of threatened American business interests C) To provide military and economic assistance to the Huerta regime D) To mobilize other Latin American countries to oust Huerta

Multiple Choice ctnd. ► The sympathy of the majority of Americans for the Allies against Germany was especially conditioned by  A) British bribes and payoffs to American journalists  B) The Germans’ involvement in overseas imperialism  C) The German invasion of neutral Belgium  D) The British refusal to use poison gas in warfare

Multiple Choice ctnd. ► After the Lustiania, Arabic and Sussex sinkings, Wilson successfully pressured the German government to  A) End the use of the submarine against British warships  B) End its attempt to blockade the British isles  C) Publish warnings to all Americans considering traveling on unarmed ships  D) Cease from sinking neutral merchant ships and passenger ships without warning