©2012 Cengage Learning. These materials are designed for classroom use and can be used for educational purposes only. Reproduction for commercial use is in violation of copyright laws. Counseling Theory in Schools The Transformed School Counselor Chapter 2 ©2012 Cengage Learning. These materials are designed for classroom use and can be used for educational purposes only. Reproduction for commercial use is in violation of copyright laws.

“a professional relationship that empowers diverse individuals, families, and groups to accomplish mental health, wellness, education, and career goals" (American Counseling Association, 2010). Counseling is a process of helping people by assisting them in making decisions and changing behavior (ACA, 1997). Defining Counseling ©2012 Cengage Learning. These materials are designed for classroom use and can be used for educational purposes only. Reproduction for commercial use is in violation of copyright laws.

Defining School Counseling ………is a confidential relationship which the counselor conducts with students individually and in small groups to help them resolve their problems and developmental concerns (ASCA, 1999) ……..a helping process implemented by trained and credentialed personnel which involves a variety of strategies and activities that help students explore, academic, career and personal/social issues which can impede healthy development or academic progress (ASCA, 2005). ©2012 Cengage Learning. These materials are designed for classroom use and can be used for educational purposes only. Reproduction for commercial use is in violation of copyright laws.

Defining School Counseling A profession that focuses on the relations and interactions between students and their school environment with the expressed purpose of reducing the effect of environmental and institutional barriers that impede student academic success (Education Trust, 1997). ©2012 Cengage Learning. These materials are designed for classroom use and can be used for educational purposes only. Reproduction for commercial use is in violation of copyright laws.

How are these Different or Similar? Counseling and advising advising guidance guidance therapy therapy ©2012 Cengage Learning. These materials are designed for classroom use and can be used for educational purposes only. Reproduction for commercial use is in violation of copyright laws.

Purpose of Counseling George and Cristiani, 1990 Five major goals are at the heart of most counseling theories and models (George and Cristiani, 1990): 1. facilitate a change in behavior; 2. improve social and personal relationships; 3. increase one’s ability to cope; 4. learn and apply the decision making process; and, 5. enrich personal growth and self development. How do you apply these in a school setting? ©2012 Cengage Learning. These materials are designed for classroom use and can be used for educational purposes only. Reproduction for commercial use is in violation of copyright laws.

The Counseling Process Theory Theory Technique Technique Application Application ©2012 Cengage Learning. These materials are designed for classroom use and can be used for educational purposes only. Reproduction for commercial use is in violation of copyright laws.

Know Thyself (self awareness) Reflect on the personal qualities that a school counselor should possess to successfully engage students in the counseling process. Which qualities do you need to further develop? How will you do this? ©2012 Cengage Learning. These materials are designed for classroom use and can be used for educational purposes only. Reproduction for commercial use is in violation of copyright laws.

Exploring 10 Theoretical Applications for School Settings The Gestalt Approach 2. The Person-Centered Approach 3. The Individual Psychology Approach 4. The Behavioral Approach 5. The Reality Therapy Approach ©2012 Cengage Learning. These materials are designed for classroom use and can be used for educational purposes only. Reproduction for commercial use is in violation of copyright laws.

Exploring Theoretical Applications, cont. 6. The REBT (Rational Emotive Behavior Therapy) Approach 7. The Cognitive Behavior Approach 8. The Existential Approach 9. Motivational Interviewing 10. Solution Focused Counseling ©2012 Cengage Learning. These materials are designed for classroom use and can be used for educational purposes only. Reproduction for commercial use is in violation of copyright laws.

Gestalt Theory Gestalt theory emphasizes the present and supports the equation now = experience = awareness = reality (Fritz Perls). Gestalt theory emphasizes the present and supports the equation now = experience = awareness = reality (Fritz Perls). Dream Work Empty Chair Confrontation Making the Rounds I Take Responsibility ©2012 Cengage Learning. These materials are designed for classroom use and can be used for educational purposes only. Reproduction for commercial use is in violation of copyright laws.

Person Centered Theory Person Centered theory focuses on the “core conditions” of genuineness, empathy, positive regard, active listening and concreteness all of which are considered universally essential to all helping relationships and the counseling process (Rogers). Person Centered theory focuses on the “core conditions” of genuineness, empathy, positive regard, active listening and concreteness all of which are considered universally essential to all helping relationships and the counseling process (Rogers). Three stages: non directive, reflective, experimental Three stages: non directive, reflective, experimental ©2012 Cengage Learning. These materials are designed for classroom use and can be used for educational purposes only. Reproduction for commercial use is in violation of copyright laws.

Individual Psychology Individual Psychology (Adlerian Counseling) encourages the client to be well aware of his/her surroundings and environment, and supports healthy development to overcome any feelings of inferiority. The client learns to grapple with his/her conscious levels of thought and is responsible for taking charge of changing behaviors. Individual Psychology (Adlerian Counseling) encourages the client to be well aware of his/her surroundings and environment, and supports healthy development to overcome any feelings of inferiority. The client learns to grapple with his/her conscious levels of thought and is responsible for taking charge of changing behaviors.EmpathySupportConfrontation Pushing buttons ©2012 Cengage Learning. These materials are designed for classroom use and can be used for educational purposes only. Reproduction for commercial use is in violation of copyright laws.

Behavioral Theory Behavioral: is strongly influenced by the work of B.F. Skinner and is based on processes closely associated with overt behavior. Behavioral theory works with the premise that all behavior is learned and that learning is effective in changing maladaptive behavior. Behavioral: is strongly influenced by the work of B.F. Skinner and is based on processes closely associated with overt behavior. Behavioral theory works with the premise that all behavior is learned and that learning is effective in changing maladaptive behavior. Environmental planning Systemic desensitization Assertiveness training ©2012 Cengage Learning. These materials are designed for classroom use and can be used for educational purposes only. Reproduction for commercial use is in violation of copyright laws.

Reality Theory Reality Theory encourages the client to learn how to make more effective choices and develop the skills to cope with daily stresses and problems. Individuals set realistic and take ownership of goals, thus accepting responsibility for their choices in life and to obtain what they want in the present and future (William Glasser). Reality Theory encourages the client to learn how to make more effective choices and develop the skills to cope with daily stresses and problems. Individuals set realistic and take ownership of goals, thus accepting responsibility for their choices in life and to obtain what they want in the present and future (William Glasser). Role play ConfrontationHumor Goal setting AttendingTeaching WDEP (wants, direction, evaluation, plan) ©2012 Cengage Learning. These materials are designed for classroom use and can be used for educational purposes only. Reproduction for commercial use is in violation of copyright laws.

Rational Emotive Behavior Theory REBT helps people live balanced, productive, and more rational lives by limiting the demands that one makes on oneself. This theory concentrates on the relationship between thoughts and their impact and affect upon emotions and behaviors (Ellis). REBT helps people live balanced, productive, and more rational lives by limiting the demands that one makes on oneself. This theory concentrates on the relationship between thoughts and their impact and affect upon emotions and behaviors (Ellis). Techniques such as teaching and disputing help school counselors educate students on the anatomy of emotion. Feelings are viewed as a result of thoughts and not events. Techniques such as teaching and disputing help school counselors educate students on the anatomy of emotion. Feelings are viewed as a result of thoughts and not events. ©2012 Cengage Learning. These materials are designed for classroom use and can be used for educational purposes only. Reproduction for commercial use is in violation of copyright laws.

Cognitive Behavioral Therapy Cognitive behavioral therapy assists clients in being able to deal with life and accomplish personal and professional goals (Bandura). Reinforcers Behavior modification Shaping Generalization, Maintenance, Extinction ©2012 Cengage Learning. These materials are designed for classroom use and can be used for educational purposes only. Reproduction for commercial use is in violation of copyright laws.

Existensialism Existentialism - emphasizes the importance of examining anxiety, values, freedom and responsibility to find meaning. Since people destine or author their lives by the choices they make, life’s choices do not depend on the judgment of others. The client uncovers life’s meaning by doing a deed, experiencing a value, or by suffering (Frankl, May). Philosophy or Therapy Issues are learning experiences. Accept the truth and work through ambiguity ©2012 Cengage Learning. These materials are designed for classroom use and can be used for educational purposes only. Reproduction for commercial use is in violation of copyright laws.

Motivational Interviewing Motivational Interviewing is defined as directive, client-centered, and eliciting change by helping clients explore and resolve ambivalence (Miller & Rollnick, 2002). The counselor serves in the role of collaborator with the client and helps counselors work with students who fluctuate between incongruent thoughts and behaviors (Biles & Eakin, 2010). 4 basic techniques: expressing empathy, developing a 4 basic techniques: expressing empathy, developing a discrepancy, rolling with resistance and support self- discrepancy, rolling with resistance and support self-efficacy. ©2012 Cengage Learning. These materials are designed for classroom use and can be used for educational purposes only. Reproduction for commercial use is in violation of copyright laws.

Solution Focused Counseling In solution-focused counseling the school counselor becomes the learner, and in turn, the student assumes the role of teacher or informant, telling you what the problem is and when a workable solution has been created (Davis & Osborne) In solution-focused counseling the school counselor becomes the learner, and in turn, the student assumes the role of teacher or informant, telling you what the problem is and when a workable solution has been created (Davis & Osborne) ©2012 Cengage Learning. These materials are designed for classroom use and can be used for educational purposes only. Reproduction for commercial use is in violation of copyright laws.

Brief Solution-Focused Counseling Helps students to gain control and experience success. Students can assess the problem in concrete and developmentally appropriate terms, explore attempts previously used to correct the problem, establish short terms goals and implement the intervention (Bruce, 1995). Techniques include: counting on change, highlighting exceptions, the miracle question, the great instead, establishing measurable goals and using scaling questions. ©2012 Cengage Learning. These materials are designed for classroom use and can be used for educational purposes only. Reproduction for commercial use is in violation of copyright laws.

Selecting a Theoretical Orientation Counseling theories provide a point of reference from which the counselor develops a personal perspective of human growth, development and behavior. Counselors must recognize and choose the appropriate behaviors and strategies that best match their theoretical approach ©2012 Cengage Learning. These materials are designed for classroom use and can be used for educational purposes only. Reproduction for commercial use is in violation of copyright laws.

Applying Counseling Skills and Techniques Establishing a Relationship Establishing a Relationship Setting the Tone in a Counseling Setting Setting the Tone in a Counseling Setting Exploring the Issues Exploring the Issues Setting Goals Setting Goals Transitioning to Independence Transitioning to Independence ©2012 Cengage Learning. These materials are designed for classroom use and can be used for educational purposes only. Reproduction for commercial use is in violation of copyright laws.

Communication Techniques Reflecting Reflecting Paraphrasing Paraphrasing Clarifying Clarifying Questioning (open ended vs. closed) Questioning (open ended vs. closed) Active listening…there’s no time to be passive! ©2012 Cengage Learning. These materials are designed for classroom use and can be used for educational purposes only. Reproduction for commercial use is in violation of copyright laws.

Activity How would you conduct a first counseling session with an elementary, or middle or high school student? What preparation needs to be done in advance? Talk about how the sequence of steps that you would follow. ©2012 Cengage Learning. These materials are designed for classroom use and can be used for educational purposes only. Reproduction for commercial use is in violation of copyright laws.

Case Study: Seeking Solutions Kara feels she is unable to do anything well. She is only comfortable in class when the teacher expects nothing from her. You ask Kara, “What do you want your teacher and classmates to know about you? Are there some things in class that you are really good at and would like everyone to know? How can we make that happen?” How would you approach this counseling situation? ©2012 Cengage Learning. These materials are designed for classroom use and can be used for educational purposes only. Reproduction for commercial use is in violation of copyright laws.

Taking the Case Apart Planning the Intervention: Things to Think About: Key Issues Key Issues Who Else Is Involved Who Else Is Involved Theoretical Orientation Theoretical Orientation Techniques Techniques Follow Up Follow Up ©2012 Cengage Learning. These materials are designed for classroom use and can be used for educational purposes only. Reproduction for commercial use is in violation of copyright laws.

REVIEW: Which Theory Applies Here? You feel _______because…….. and you want_______ You feel _______because…….. and you want_______ The school counselor expresses genuine confidence in the student and used encouragement. The school counselor expresses genuine confidence in the student and used encouragement. I take responsibility for………………. I take responsibility for………………. The school counselor discusses the difference between friendly competition and “one-upmanship.” The school counselor discusses the difference between friendly competition and “one-upmanship.” How can you remove those self-defeating thoughts that are holding you back from doing better? How can you remove those self-defeating thoughts that are holding you back from doing better? ©2012 Cengage Learning. These materials are designed for classroom use and can be used for educational purposes only. Reproduction for commercial use is in violation of copyright laws.