Internal Troubles, External Threats—China, Ottoman Empire and Japan Module 7 Internal Troubles, External Threats—China, Ottoman Empire and Japan 1800–1914

The External Challenge: European Industry and Empire BACKGROUND: New Motives, New Means: Industrial Revolution fuels Europe’s expansion Demand for raw materials, agricultural products Need for markets to sell products Foreign investment opportunities for Europeans Growth of Mass Nationalism in Europe--imperialism popular Colonies as status symbol Technology allows overseas expansion telegraphs (communication), steamships, quinine (medicine) Rifles, machine guns New Perception of the “Other” Europeans view themselves as superior—based on science, technology, religion Disparage other societies, races “scientific racism” based on eugenics, other supposed measurable evidence (phrenology) Duty to “civilize” lesser peoples: introduce progress, Christianity Social Darwinism—survival of the fittest concept linked to human societies China: Chinese authorities had controlled European activities for centuries population had grown from about 100 million in 1685 to 430 million in 1853 But no industrial revolution – growing poverty, starvation Bureaucracy doesn’t keep up with growing population Warlords (regional nobility) and bandits gain increased power Taiping uprising (1850-1864) led by radical Christian Chinese Hong Xiuquan Demanded reforms, revolted against imperial power 20-30 million Chinese killed in mass uprising

After Taiping rebellion crushed, provincial gentry (warlords) gain more power Western pressure increases Opium wars illustrate China’s weakness—Britain demands right to sell opium to China Chinese imperial official try to outlaw the addictive drug, seize banned shipments British go to war (1839-42) over failure of China to allow opium trade Chinese defeated by British navy, required to accept free trade, opium, and cede land/ports Second opium war—1852-58, British win again China required to allow foreign missionaries, foreign navies to patrol Chinese rivers China defeated by French and Japanese, also ceding territory afterwardsSelf Self Strenghtening/Modernization movement by China –1880s-90s Application of Confucian principles, some Western technology: too little, too late Educated Chinese become disillusioned with Qing dynasty leaders Boxer Rebellion (1900), Chinese attack Europeans, Chinese Christians Drive for unified, modern nation, eventually leads to revolution, Republic in 1910-1912 The Ottoman Empire—like China, avoided direct colonial rule, attempted defensive modernization Gradual loss of territory to Russia, Britain, Austria, France in Europe, North Africa, Middle East Napoleon conquers Egypt, 1798 Greek, Serbia, Balkan states gain independence European manufacture goods hurts Ottoman artisans Foreign merchants win immunity from Ottoman laws, taxes. After 1839 Tanzimat (reorganization) emerges—industrialization and modernization Young Ottomans become “Young Turks” by 1900s—Turkish nation as goal, not empire

Military coup gives Young Turks real power Outcomes: by 1900, both China and the Ottoman Empire were “semicolonies” both gave rise to a new nationalist conception of society China: the imperial system collapsed in 1911, followed by a vast revolution creation of a Communist regime by 1949, within the same territory Ottoman Empire: the empire collapsed following World War I Chinese revolutionaries rejected Confucianism more than Turkish leaders rejected Islam The Japanese Difference: The Rise of a New East Asian Power 1853–1900: radical transformation of Japanese society—industrialization, modernization Tokugawa years: internal peace 1600-1850 Daimyo regulated but retain some autonomy—country not unified by central authority hierarchical society: samurai at the top, then peasants, artisans, and merchants samurai evolved into a bureaucratic/administrative class great economic growth, commercialization, urban development by 1750, Japan was perhaps the most urbanized country high literacy rates (40 percent of males, 15 percent of females) corruption was widespread American Intrusion and the Meiji Restoration U.S. sends Commodore Perry in 1853 to demand opening of trade, better treatment of Americans in 1868, a group of young samurai claim to restore boy emperor Meiji to power aimed to save Japan from Western interference by transforming society Selective borrowing from the West—missions sent to West to learn science, technology, fashion State-guided industrialization program funds factories, mines, railroads, postal, telegraph systems State enterprises evolve into massive state backed private corporations Japan and the World—1894-1905 Japan seeks control of territory in China, Korea, Indochina, Russia, goes to war, wins Brutal colonial policies enforced in Taiwan, Korea, Manchuria

World War I provided the revolutionary moment Russian Industrial Revolution was launched by the 1890s  focused on railroads and heavy industry substantial foreign investment  industry was concentrated in a few major cities, large factories   growing middle class disliked Russia’s deep conservatism Russian working class rapidly radicalized   harsh conditions      no legal outlet for grievances     large-scale strikes  Insurrection breaks out in 1905, after Russia defeated by Japan Moscow/St. Petersburg workers go on strike, create representative councils (“soviets”) peasant uprisings, student demonstrations non-Russian nationalities revolted military mutiny brutally suppressed, but forced the tsar’s regime to make reforms—fails to bring stability World War I provided the revolutionary moment Russian Revolution broke out in 1917, brought the most radical to power: Bolsheviks only in Russia did industrialization lead to violent social revolution The Industrial Revolution and Latin America in the Nineteenth Century The four vice-royalties of Spanish America became eighteen separate countries international wars hindered development of the new nations Political life unstable, conservative forces backed by church were strong Military strongmen (caudillos) gained power, worked in conjunction with US/European corporations to develop extractive economies (agricultural—coffee, sugar, rubber, etc) using low paid labor

Slavery abolished (though not until late 1880s in Brazil and Cuba) most legal distinctions between racial categories were abolished but creole whites remained overwhelmingly in control small middle class allowed social mobility for a few the vast majority were impoverished Facing the World Economy after 1850: greater stability, integration into world economy rapid growth of Latin American exports to industrializing countries exported food products and raw materials Becoming like Europe? rapid population increase rapid urbanization actively sought European immigrants few people benefited from the export boom--over 90 percent of the population still lower-class Revolution in Mexico overthrow of the dictator Porfirio Díaz (1876–1911) leads to major, bloody conflict (1910–1920 huge peasant armies transformed Mexico rich landowners and cattlemen vs peasants and urban poor economic growth was dependent on Europe and North America History and Horse Races: Who’s first, who’s superior