 M. Militarism  A. Alliances, Assassination of Archduke  I. Industrialization, Imperialism  N. Nationalism

1. The Alliance System Triple Entente: Triple Alliance:

Background to Alliances  Bismarck  Used war freely between 1865 and 1871 to unify  After 1871, Germany was “satisfied power”  New goal: to prevent war ( )  France biggest threat, so created alliances to protect against French war  1879 DUAL ALLIANCE (Germany and Austria- Hungary)  1882 TRIPLE ALLIANCE (Italy Joined)  1887 Treaty with Russia

 Fall of Bismarck  Fired by Wilhelm’s grandson (Wilhelm II)  Wilhelm II wanted to pursue rapid expansion  He let the treaty with Russia lapse  1894, France formed alliance with Russia  Bismarck’s greatest fear.

 Wilhelm II and the new German legacy  Queen Victoria was his grandmother  Lifelong grudge against Britain  Envied its empire and navy  1890’s began great ship-building program to make German navy equal to Britain’s  Britain began to enlarge its own fleet=naval arm’s race

 New Alliances  1904 treaty of friendship between France and Britain  1907 Triple Entente treaty (Russia joins club)

1. The Alliance System Triple Entente: Triple Alliance:

Two Armed Camps! Allied Powers: Central Powers:

The Major Players: Nicholas II [Rus] George V [Br] Pres. Poincare [Fr] Allied Powers: Franz Josef [A-H] Wilhelm II [Ger] Victor Emmanuel II [It] Central Powers: Enver Pasha [Turkey]

2. Militarism & Arms Race Increase in Defense Expenditures France10% Britain13% Russia39% Germany73% Total Defense Expenditures for the Great Powers [Ger., A-H, It., Fr., Br., Rus.] in millions of £s.

3. Economic & Imperial Rivalries

Colonial Rivalries : Africa in 1914

Colonial Rivalries: Asia in 1914

The British Empire in 1914

4. Aggressive Nationalism

Pan-Slavism: The Balkans, 1914 The “Powder Keg” of Europe

Balkans  100 years the Balkans had been trying to free themselves from Ottoman rule  By 1900s several groups had broken away and formed new nations: Albania, Bulgaria, Greece, Montenegro, Romania, and Serbia.  Austria-Hungary saw weakened Ottoman as chance to extend their influence on Balkan peninsula  Russia encouraged nationalism in the Balkans and worked to expand their influence there for access to ports of Mediterranean sea.  1908 Austria annexed Bosnia and Herzegovina  Serbia worried about future Austria expansion.

The Balkans in 1914

Archduke Franz Ferdinand & His Family

The Assassination: Sarajevo

The Assassin: Gavrilo Princip Gavrilo Princip Austrian heir killed by Serbian nationalists Austria blamed Serbia Germany issued “blank check” of support Russia vowed to help Serbia Austria declared war

 Austria declared war on Serbia July 1914  Russia mobilized troops along Austrian-German border July 1914  Germany declared war on France and Russia August 1, 1914  Great Britain declares war on Germany- August 3, 1914

Who’s To Blame?

Europe in 1914