Organizing and Outlining Chapter 11

This outline consists of Four parts; The Header, The Introduction, The Body, and The Conclusion. Before you start writing your speech you should make an outline using these 4 headings and their sub headings. 1. Header Topic Decide on your topic. Audience Analyze your audience. What do they already know about your topic? Are they interested in the topic? Refine and limit topic Based on your analysis of the audience you may need to slightly change you topic, by either changing the focus, or the scale of the topic. Purpose Statement Write down a clear statement of what it is you intend to achieve. What is the purpose of your speech. For example; The purpose of this speech is to inform the audience how to travel in Japan without spending to much money.

Organizational Method or Pattern There is no single way to organize a speech. The pattern you will select will be determined by the information you have and the specific purpose you want to achieve. There are six basic patterns for organizing a speech: Logical or topical Chronological Spatial Classification Problem-Solution Cause-effect Once you have completed these five parts of the 'Header', you are then ready to start planning the speech itself.

2. Introduction Greeting and Attention getter How will you greet the audience? How will you get the audience's attention? Think of a sentence that will make the audience sit up and listen. Thesis Statement The 'purpose statement' is where you simply state what your goal is. However, it is not possible to use this in the speech. You need to convert it to a 'thesis statement'. A thesis statement is one sentence in the introduction in which you declare your purpose and topic. For example, a thesis statement of the above purpose statement would be; 'Traveling in Japan need not be an extravagance.' Credibility If the audience do not know who you are, you will not only need to introduce yourself, but you will also need to 'establish your credibility'. This means you will have to explain to the audience why you are 'qualified' to speak about the subject. Outline of main the points - overview What are your main points? Why? Tell your audience why you think your presentation will be useful to them.

3. The body Transition Think of a sentence that will make it clear to the audience that you have finished the introduction, and are now about to start the body of the speech. Main points and ideas Main ideas Supporting ideas Details & Examples Visuals Write your main points and ideas here What ideas will you tell the audience to support your main points? What details or examples do you have? Will you have any visuals to help explain your points? main ideas = sub-topics supporting ideas = sub-sub topics evidence = details and examples

4. The conclusion Transition Think of a sentence that will make it clear to the audience that you have finished the body and are now coming to the end of the speech. Restatement of main points Summarize your main ideas and think of which piece of information you really want the audience to remember. Closer Think of a final sentence to help the audience remember your speech. Note that the presentation outline is not a word-for-word script for the speech but an outline of ideas to serve as an organizational and presentation tool for the speaker. Once you have finished the outline you are then ready to start writing.

Main Points, Supporting Points, and Transitions Main points express the key ideas and major themes of the speech. Using purpose and thesis statements as guide posts. Specific purpose statement expresses the goal of the speech. Thesis statement expresses the theme or central idea of the speech.

Some stats about main points. Audiences listen to only 2-7 at one time. They remember only those made in beginning and end of speech. A main point should only introduce one idea. They should also be stated in parallel form Points should be stated in similar grammatical form and style. Always express your main points as declarative sentences.

Supporting Points supporting material or evidence used to justify the main points and lead your audience to accept the purpose of your speech. They are subordinate to main points.

Principles of Organizing Main and Supporting Points Unity Avoid tangents, or moving off topic. Coherence Refers to clarity and logical consistency. Do not jump around to different parts of the speech. Principle of coordination and subordination Balance Give equal weight to each point you make.

Transitions: Giving Direction to the Speech Transitions defined Types of transitions Full-sentence transitions “Next, let’s look at exactly what sales contests can do for us.” Signposts Next,… First,… We now turn… finally,… Restate-forecast form “Now that we’ve established a need for sales contests, let’s look at what sales contests can do for us.” Rhetorical questions “Will contests be too expensive? Well, actually…” Internal Preview Dayane Souza has overcome many difficulties, and throughout all of this she has still managed to complete a master’s degree, work a full time job, and care for a family. Internal Summary It should be clear that an education is very important in today’s society. Now, employers are even looking to hire only individuals with masters degrees and beyond.

Arranging Speech Points Topically Topical pattern of arrangement I. Cultural variety II. Economy III. Recreational Activities This type of arrangement gives speaker greatest freedom to structure main points according to the audience’s interests.

Arranging Speech Points Chronologically Chronological pattern of arrangement Needs a time ordered sequence of events. Thesis statement: Main Points: I. II. III.

Arranging Speech Points Using a Spatial Pattern A spatial pattern of arrangement When your speech provides the audience with a “tour” of a particular place. Thesis statement: El Morro National Monument in New Mexico is captivating for its variety of natural and historical landmarks. I. Visitors first see an abundant variety of plant life native to the high-country desert. II. Soon visitors come upon an age-old watering hole that has receded beneath the 200-foot cliffs.

Arranging Speech Points Using a Causal Pattern Causal (cause-effect) pattern of arrangement Cause Effect Multiple causes for a single Effect: reasons students drop out of college Cause 1 (lack of funds) Cause 2 (unsatisfactory social life) Cause 3 (unsatisfactory academic performance) Effect (drop out of college)

Arranging Speech Points Using a Problem-Solution Pattern Problem-solution pattern of arrangement Two main points used: Problem (define what it is) Solution (offer a way to overcome the problem) More than two main points: The nature of the problem (identify its causes, incidence, etc.) Effects of the problem (explain why it’s a problem, for whom, etc.) Unsatisfactory solutions (discuss those that have not worked) Proposed solution (explain why it’s expected to work)

Alternative Patterns of Organization Narrative Pattern of Arrangement Speech consists of a story or a series of short stories, complete with characters, settings, and a plot. Circle Pattern of Arrangement To demonstrate how one idea leads to another and then another, all of which lead back to the speech thesis.

Types of Outline Formats Working outline Preparation or rough outline Speaking outline Delivery outline, the one you will use when practicing and presenting your speech.

Steps in Organizing and Outlining the Speech Create the main speech points Note any obvious subpoints Select an organizational pattern Flesh out the main points with subpoints (supporting Material) Create a working outline using full sentences Transfer the working outline to a speaking outline using phrases or key words

Types of Outlines Sentence Outlines Phrase Outlines Usually used when: Each main and supporting point is stated in sentence form as a full declarative sentence. Usually used when: Speaker is inexperienced When the issue is highly controversial or emotion- laden for listeners. When the material is highly technical and exact sentence structure is critical When a good deal of material relies on quotations and facts from another source. Phrase Outlines Uses a partial construction of the sentence form of each point. Key-Word Outlines Uses the smallest possible units of understanding associated with a specific point to outline the main and supporting points.