Seminar: - “Temperature and Equilibrium Virtual Lab” - Nanotechnology and Its Applications Freddie Arocho-Perez Kaplan University SC300: Big Ideas in Science

Virtual Lab: General Instructions Use the information from the Unit 2 Project link. This virtual lab will allow you to explore how temperature changes affect two linked systems. The demonstration uses red and blue balls to represent molecules. You will use the sliders in this activity to play around with speeding up and slowing down change within a system. Items that should be recorded for submission are written in italics.

Steps 1. Go to: dex.html dex.html 2. Click once on the demonstration window once it loads (this may take a few minutes if you have a slow connection).

Steps

3. For both the Red side and the Blue side, move the slider labeled “Mass” all the way to the right (the value should read 199 amu). You should see the balls in the window above get larger.

Steps Each of these balls represents a molecule moving around inside a divided chamber. You can see how the molecules move around randomly until they bump into a wall or into each other.

Steps 4. Lower the temperature on the Red side of the chamber by moving the slider labeled “Temperature” all the way to the left (the value should read 1 K).

Steps *Compare the movement of the molecules on the very cold Red side with the molecules on the Blue side. How does lowering their temperature change the speed at which these molecules move?

Steps 5. Now lower the temperature on the Blue side of the chamber to 1 K, the same way you did in Step 4.

Steps 6. Add lots more molecules to both sides by increasing the slider labeled “Number” all the way to the right (the value should read 99) for both the Red and the Blue side. *How would adding more molecules affect the motion inside the chambers?

Steps 7. Click the “Remove Barrier” button and time how long it takes for the blue and the red molecules to mix completely (note: the button text may not appear on your screen. The “Remove Barrier” button is on the far lower right). *Record this result as “Mixing at 1K”

Steps 8. Click the “Reset” button (Note: the button text may not appear on your screen. The “Reset” button is just to the left of the “Remove Barrier” button). Then, repeat steps 3-6 above. Once you have 99 slow-moving molecules in each chamber, increase the temperature in both chambers to 999 K. You should see two very active chambers!

Steps 9. Click the “Remove Barrier” button on the lower right and time how long it takes for the blue and red molecules to mix completely. *Record this result as “Mixing at 999K”

Steps 10. *In a paragraph, describe your results and explain the effect temperature appears to have on the equilibrium of mixing. 11. *Based on your virtual lab experiment, compare what would happen if you put a spoonful of honey into a cup of 200 degree Fahrenheit tea versus placing a spoonful of honey into an identical cup filled with 45 degree Fahrenheit tea.

Steps 12. *If you opened up a container of very stinky Limburger cheese at one end of an empty large outdoor parking lot with a group of shoppers about 50 feet away. Would you be able to enjoy eating your snack longer without offending the shoppers in the summer or the winter? Explain.

How to Submit the Project Your work should be written in 500-words (~1 Page, Font Size 10 or 12, Single Space). See the Sample Submission Format for ideas (DocSharing). Save your copy of the assignment in a location and with a name that you will remember. Be sure to use the “Save As” option to include your first and last name in the title of the document. For example, your assignment might be called Shawn_Edwards_Project2.doc

How to Submit the Project When you are ready to submit it, click on the Dropbox and complete the steps below: – Click the link that says Submit an Assignment. – In the “Submit to Basket” menu, select Unit 2: Project – In the “Comments” field, include at least the title of your paper. – Click the Add Attachments button. – Follow the steps listed to attach your Word document. – To view your graded work, come back to the Dropbox or go to the Gradebook after your instructor has evaluated it. Click the Dropbox to access it. – Make sure that you save a copy of your submitted assignment.

Nanotechnology and Its Applications

Understanding Size How big (small) are we talking about? Size Matters: – It’s not just how big you are. – It’s what you can do with it.

Understanding Size 1 meter

Understanding Size 10 centimeters

Understanding Size 1 centimeter

Understanding Size 100 micrometers

Understanding Size 10 micrometers

Understanding Size 1 micrometer

Understanding Size 100 nanometers

Understanding Size 10 nanometers

Understanding Size 1 nanometer

What is Nanotechnology? Simply stated, it is the world of the very small things, such as molecules and atoms. Greek “nano” = English “dwarf”.

What is Nanotechnology? A picture of the “nano” world: Using the scanning tunneling microscope (STM), electron formations can be viewed. Above, electrons are surrounded by 48 iron atoms, individually positioned with the same STM used to image them. The image was created and colorized at the IBM Almaden Research Laboratory in California (2007).

What is Nanotechnology? While many definitions for nanotechnology exist, the National Nanotechnology Initiative calls it “nanotechnology” only if it involves all of the following: – Research and technology development at the atomic, molecular or macromolecular levels, in the length scale of approximately nanometer range. – Creating and using structures, devices and systems that have novel properties and functions because of their small and/or intermediate size. – Ability to control or manipulate on the atomic scale. Medical researchers work at the micro- and nano-scales to develop new drug delivery methods, therapeutics and pharmaceuticals. For instance, DNA, our genetic material, is in the 2.5 nanometer range, while red blood cells are approximately 2.5 micrometers.

Products of Nanotechnology Ordinary materials such as carbon or silicon, when reduced to the nanoscale, often exhibit new and unpredictable characteristics such as: – Extraordinary strength – Chemical reactivity – Electrical conductivity Or other characteristics that the same material does not possess at the micro or macro-scale.

Products of Nanotechnology Carbon Nanotubes: Carbon nanotubes are extremely small, thin, hollow cylinders structure formed by rolling up seamlessly a single layer of graphite (carbon). Nanotubes can be either multiwall tubes or single-wall tubes, having one single shell. Nanotubes can be metallic or semiconducting and offers possibilities to create future nanoelectronics devices, circuits, and computers.

Products of Nanotechnology Buckyballs: Buckyballs are graphite (carbon) sheets rolled into a ball. Buckyballs also exist in interstellar dust and in geological formations on Earth. So while they are new to science they are reasonably common in nature. Buckyballs are extremely stable and can withstand very high temperatures and pressures. The carbon atoms of buckyballs can react with other atoms and molecules, leaving the stable, spherical structure intact.

Commercial Applications Nanoscale materials are currently being used in: – Electronics – Biomedical Research – Pharmaceutical Research – Cosmetics – Energy Areas producing the greatest revenue for nanoparticles reportedly are magnetic recording tapes, sunscreens, electro-conductive devices (computers, cell phones, digital cameras), optical fibers, coatings, cosmetics.

Consumer Products: Future???

Making Small Smaller An Example: Electronics-Microprocessors macroscale microscale nanoscale

Federal Government National Nanotechnology Initiative: – $600 million 2002 – $700 million 2003 Department of Agriculture (USDA) Department of Treasury (DOTreas) Department of Commerce (DOC) Department of State (DOS) National Institute of Standards and Technology (NIST) Environmental Protection Agency (EPA) Department of Defense (DOD) Food and Drug Administration (FDA) Department of Energy (DOE) National Aeronautics and Space Administration (NASA) Department of Justice (DOJ)

Health Hazards Nanoparticles can enter the body by: – Inhalation – Swallowing – Penetration through the Skin Complete information about health effects is lacking. Their potential dispersion to other organs as well as the possibility of exposure by other routes such as dermal or ingestion mean that possible health risks beyond the lung cannot be ruled out.

Health Hazards Enhanced toxicity: some nanoparticles shown to cause DNA mutation, structural damage to mitochondria and even cell death in laboratory studies. Unprecedented mobility: – Due to size, nanoparticles more easily taken up by the human body and can cross biological membranes, cells, tissues and organs more efficiently than larger particles. – Once in the blood stream, nanomaterials can be transported around the body and can be taken up by organs and tissues including the brain, heart, liver, kidneys, bones, and nervous system.

Environmental Impacts Pathways: during manufacturing, transport, use, or disposal (e.g., nano-cosmetics or other nano- personal care products: washed off in the shower and join water waste streams.) Environmental Impacts: – Mobility: ability to persist; reach places larger particles cannot; move with great speed through aquifers and soils; settle slower. – Transportation: large and active surface for absorbing smaller contaminants that could “hitch a ride” over long distances. – Reactivity: interactions with substances present in the soil could lead to toxic compounds.