Graduates’ qualifications and quality of jobs: the case of Poland Gabriela Grotkowska Faculty of Economic Sciences, University of Warsaw

Motivation for research  „Job quality problem”: – Low-pay employment  „working poor” – Non-standard employment behind growth of employment in many OECD countries  Growing differences in employment conditions between new-entrants to the labour market and elder workers  What factors determine these differences? What is the role of educational factors?  Access to unique data set University of Ljubljana, September 2009

Labour market success as a measure of education quality  Labour market success as a criterion of a quality of the education system  How to measure labour market success? – Labour market participation – Employment  Problem with ILO definition of employment  quality of employment University of Ljubljana, September 2009

Characteristics of the youths’ employment  Still persons aged constitute almost ¼ of total employment University of Ljubljana, September 2009

Youth’s job quality: employment status and type of contract University of Ljubljana, September 2009

Youth’s job quality: NACE sections and work conditions  Young people significantly: – more often than on average work in trade and repairs, hotels and restaurants, construction, perosnal services – more often than average work on part-time basis, on shifts, on evenings and weekends – more rarely work in overtime – total time of work of the young people is simmilar to overall average University of Ljubljana, September 2009

Youth’s job quality: wages University of Ljubljana, September 2009

Syntetic job quality index (1) University of Ljubljana, September 2009 VariableDescription Wage: net per hour wage (wph) 0 – wph under 10th percentile 1 – wph between 10th and 25th percentile 3 – wph between 25th and 50th percentile 5 – wph between 50th and 75th percentile 7 – wph between 75th and 90th percentile 9 – wph higher than the 90th percentile Status0 – contributing family worker 1 – employment without formal contract 2 – employment based on civil contract 3 – own-account worker 4 – employment during traineeship period 5 – hired employment with a contract shorter than 1 year 6 – hired employment with a contract longer than 1 year 8 – hired employment with an undefined time contract Promotion0 – no promotion prospects 2 – there are promotion prospects (employee’s opinion)

Syntetic job quality index (2) University of Ljubljana, September 2009 VariableDescription Shift0 – shift work 1 – no shift work Night0 – work at night (often or sometimes) 1 – no work at night Weekend0 – work on weekends (often or sometimes) 1 – no work on weekends Commuting0 – workers commutes 120 minutes a day or more 1 – workers commutes minutes a day 2 – workers commutes minutes a day 3 – workers commutes less than 30 minutes a day Section0 – employment in trade and repairs, hotels and restaurants, construction or other social and personal services 3 – other sections Relation0 – work is not related to education profile 1– work is related to education profile

Syntetic job quality index (3) University of Ljubljana, September 2009

Explaining differences in the level of job quality  Gender  Region and class of settlement unit  Year of graduation  Level and field of education, additional skills (ability to speak foreign language, use computer, having a driving license etc.),  Management skills or ability to work in international environment,  Characteristics of the process of education: – type of school and mode of education, – average grade, – participation in school-based traineeship programme, – participation in extra courses,  Participation in training after graduation from school,  Work experience,  Contacts in work environment),  Average level of parents’ education. University of Ljubljana, September 2009

Regression results  Positive impact on job quality: – being man (+0.79) – living in big cities (+0.30/0.53), living in some regions – longer time from graduation (+0.4/0.8) – growing education level (not strictly monotonic; +3.7) – surprising results concerning fields of education – computer skills (+0.37) and driving licence (+0.32) – growing average grade (+0.26) – participation in non compulsory additional courses (+0.30) and activities concerning professional career management (+0.46) during school education – participation in training after having graduated from school (+0.46) – growing average parents’ education level (+0.17) – work experience (+0.43) – contacts within professional environment (+0.76) University of Ljubljana, September 2009

Regression results  Insignificant: – speaking a foreign language – participation in school based traineeship programmes, – ownership of school and mode of education – international experience and ability for work in international environment  Negative impact: – possessing a second profession, – adaptability do changing conditions and – managerial skills. University of Ljubljana, September 2009

Conclusions  Significant differences in job quality of different age cohorts of the labour force: lower job quality of the youth  Significant role of selected education factors in determining job quality  Question: how permanent this effect is? Dual labour market?  area for further studies (panel data) University of Ljubljana, September 2009

Thank you for your attention.