Chapter 3 “Migration”

Relocation Diffusion: Spread of characteristics through the bodily movement of people from place to place. Migration: Permanent move to a new location. Immigration: to a location Emigration: from a location Net Migration=Immigration-Emigration

Immigration by Country

Define the following: Human Mobility - Circulation, Migration Place Perception - Distance Decay - Space Time Compression – we have seen this before Gravity Model - Ravenstein’s Laws of Migration -

Distance Decay Discuss the above graph!

One important aspect of the movement of people is Spatial Interaction. Spatial Interaction decreases with distance - distance decay With improved communication and transportation this is now changing - space time compression Migrants move in well defined channels from origin to destination - migration stream. People tell people - migration chain.

Gravity Model – mathematical prediction of the ‘strength’ of spatial interaction between places –Spatial interaction (such as migration, trade, communication, commuting, shopping etc.) is directly related to the populations and inversely related to the distance between them in other words spatial interaction decreases with distance –In mathematical terms: Interaction is proportional to the multiplication of the two populations divided by the distance between them

Gravity Model: Distance and Size of places are taken into account.

I ij = predicted interaction between origin i and destination j. k = factor scales the “relative” levels of interaction. Phone calls → high value, Air travel → med. value and Migrants → low value Sometimes used as a scaling constant to adjust certain characteristics like: time (one week/one year), climate, landforms, borders etc. b below can also be used to adjust.

P i =a measure of size, usually population, for origin I P j =a measure of size, usually population, for destination j dij =distance between origin i and destination j β =an exponent that adjusts the rate of decay unique to the type of interaction – sometimes called a “transport constant “– the efficiency of the transport system between the two the two locations. A highway will have a weak value whereas a road will have a high value or are you measuring the movement of goods or the movement of information

Lee’s Model of Migration: Draw this into your notes and we will fill it in together!

Ravenstein’s Laws of Migration Ernst Ravenstein – 1885 (British) 1.The majority of migrants move a short distance. 2.Migrants who move longer distances tend to choose big-cities. 3.Urban residents are less migratory than inhabitants of rural areas. 4.Each movement produces a compensating counter movement in the opposite direction. 5.Males migrate more over long distances and females migrate more over short distances.

6.Families are less likely to make international moves than young adults. 7. People mainly move for economic reasons 8.Urban housing development is inadequate for the influx of migrants in LDC’s thus ghettoes/shanties are formed. 9.Most migrants are between the ages of Migrants move in well defined channels from origin to destination – called a migration stream. Migrates will tell other people creating a migration chain and sometimes migrates change their minds and go back – migration counter stream.

The next few slides illustrate Canadian Migration over time. Let’s analyze these stats and try to determine the titles for some.

Canada

U.S.A.

Vancouver by Source Area What do you think Toronto’s would look like?

Ten Leading Source Countries of Immigrants to Canada BritainItalyBritain GermanyBritainUnited States ItalyUnited StatesItalyHong Kong NetherlandsGermany Portugal PolandNetherlandsHong KongJamaica FrancePortugalFranceIndia United StatesGreeceAustriaPhilippines BelgiumFranceGreece YugoslaviaPolandPortugalItaly DenmarkAustriaYugoslaviaTrinidad Source: The Immigration Program. Ottawa: Manpower and Immigration, Note the changes through time!

COUNTRY Num.RankNum.RankNum.Rank China, People's Republic of36,716140,315133,2311 India26,088227,848228,8152 Pakistan14,184315,341314,1643 Philippines10,088412,914411,0004 Iran5,60885,73777,7425 Korea, Republic of7,62959,60457,3266 Romania4,425115,58585,6927 United States5,81575,90265,2888 Sri Lanka5,84165,51494,9619 United Kingdom4,647105,350104,72010 Yugoslavia4,72392,788221,62031 Immigration by Top Ten Source Countries More Change!

Canada’s immigration policy (multiculturalism and the point system) will benefit Canada in the future on 3 very important counts: 1.Quebec/Canada relationships 2.Domestic Employment 3.The Global Economy Comment on the above statement/hypothesis What does the above mean? Do you agree or disagree A question!

Inter-regional migration in Canada

Major inter-provincial migration flows “Human Geography: by Paul Knox Observations?

Can you explain this Net Migration Map of the US?

Intra-regional Migration in the U.S. Average annual migration among urban, suburban, and rural areas in the U.S. during the 1990s. The largest flow was from central cities to suburbs. What is Counter- Urbanization?

Can you explain this Net Migration Map of the US?

Center of Population in the U.S. The center of U.S. population has consistently moved westward, with the population migration west. It has also begun to move southward with migration to the southern sunbelt. I could not find Canada’s center of Population – Where do you think it is?

Migration from Latin America to the U.S. Mexico has been the largest source of migrants to the U.S., but migrants have also come from numerous other Latin American nations.

Concrete wall built to separate San Diego from Tijuana, Mexico (2000)

To try and slow down the massive Mexican migration into the US. Maquiladoras were set up in Mexico near the US border. Positive Migration: -Quintana Roo - Baja – Nord - Baja – Sur - Chihuahua - Mexico Negative Migration: - Distrito Federal - Guerrero - Zacatecas - Oaxaca - Veracruz Hallow Core Mexico City Explain!

Maquiladora comes from the Spanish word maquilar meaning "to perform a task for another." Today, maquiladora refers to a Mexican corporation, wholly or predominantly owned by foreigners, which assembles products for export to the U.S. or other foreign country or Mexico Market. Foreign corporations wishing to reduce their manufacturing costs in order to become more competitive in a global economy, may achieve this goal by setting up a Maquiladora or Shelter operations in Mexico. This means taking advantage of a special customs treatment, less expensive labor costs and lower operating expenses available in Mexico.

What is a Guest Worker?

Global Migration Patterns The major flows of migration are from less developed to more developed countries.

Net Migration (per population) Net migration per 1,000 population. The U.S. and Canada has the largest number of immigrants, but other developed countries also have relatively large numbers.

Flow of Refugees – Can you name the Hotspots?

Location of Refugees Observations?

Flow of Refugees – Can you name the Hotspots?

Multi-Culturalism

Some final key terms: Brain Drain Time Contract Worker Guest Worker Transhumance Inter-region Intra-region Intervening Obstacles Push/Pull Factors

Vocabulary List

Activity space Chain migration Cyclic movement Distance decay Forced Gravity model Internal migration Intervening opportunity Migration patterns Intercontinental Interregional Rural-urban Migratory movement Periodic movement Personal space Place utility Push-pull factors Refugee Space-time prism Step migration Transhumance Transmigration Voluntary

The End!