Government Structure

Written (statute, rule, court decision) Written (statute, rule, court decision) Funding (or not) Funding (or not) Adopted Adopted – Administrative agencies – Courts

Proposals Proposals – Chief executives – Administrative agencies – Interest groups Bill Bill – Formal—sponsor, committee – Informal—politics

TypeIntroPass House Pass Senate BothContdFailPend- ing ApprVeto HB HJR HR SB SJR SR Total HB = House Bill; HJR = House Joint Resolutions; HR= House Resolutions SB = Senate Bills; SJ = Senate Joint Resolutions; SR = Senate Resolutions

Policy priorities—put your money where your mouth is Policy priorities—put your money where your mouth is Federal Budget Federal Budget – Annually – Office of Management and Budget – Presidential veto State Budget State Budget – Balanced budget – Line-item veto

Fill in the rules of policy Fill in the rules of policy – Fill in gaps – Define key terms – Define internal procedures Writing the rule Writing the rule – Gather information – Public participation – Review of proposed rules

Federal level Federal level – 1946, Administrative Procedures Act Standardizes – Final rules published in the Federal Register State level State level – Varies – Role of State Department of Education prominent

Judges as Policy Actors Judges as Policy Actors – Opinions become case law – Judicial review to invalidate laws Reactive Reactive – Cases to court Controversy Controversy Adversary Adversary – Test cases

Trial courts—single judge Trial courts—single judge Supreme court—panel of judges Supreme court—panel of judges – Opinion – Dissenting opinion States States – Finance – State specific—often regional reaction Federal Federal – 20 th century activist – Stimulate legislative action

Need to Know What’s Going On Need to Know What’s Going On Working as a Team Player Working as a Team Player – Government Relations – Relationship Building – Professional Organizations – Lobbying

Connected to Social Structure Connected to Social Structure Facilitates Certain Actions (Coleman, 1988) Facilitates Certain Actions (Coleman, 1988) Density—strength and closeness of relationships Density—strength and closeness of relationships Centrality—how central one is to the overall structure Centrality—how central one is to the overall structure Trust—evolves over time, reliability Trust—evolves over time, reliability

Article VIII—Education Article VIII—Education – Section 1. Public schools of high quality to be maintained. Section 2. Standards of quality; State and local support of public schools. Section 3. Compulsory education; free textbooks. Section 4. Board of Education. Section 5. Powers and duties of the Board of Education. Section 6. Superintendent of Public Instruction. Section 7. School boards. Section 8. The Literary Fund. Section 9. Other educational institutions. Section 10. State appropriations prohibited to schools or institutions of learning not owned or exclusively controlled by the State or some subdivision thereof; exceptions to rule. Section 11. Aid to nonpublic higher education. Section 1. Section 2. Section 3. Section 4. Section 5. Section 6. Section 7. Section 8. Section 9. Section 10. Section 11. Section 1. Section 2. Section 3. Section 4. Section 5. Section 6. Section 7. Section 8. Section 9. Section 10. Section 11.

Public Education Public Education – State Board of Education Higher Education Higher Education – George Mason – SCHEV – Longwood University – UVA; VCU, V. Museum of Fine Arts – Virginia Polytechnic – College of William and Mary

Laura Fornash (Sec. of Ed.) Laura Fornash (Sec. of Ed.) – Development and implementation of state’s education policy Dr. Patricia Write (Superintendent of Public Education) Dr. Patricia Write (Superintendent of Public Education) – Executive officer of VDOE; Secretary Board of Education Peter Blake, Interim Executive Director of SCHEV, April 2011 Peter Blake, Interim Executive Director of SCHEV, April 2011

17 members 17 members Jeffrey Trammell, Rector Jeffrey Trammell, Rector Meets four times a year Meets four times a year President is under the authority of BOV President is under the authority of BOV Ability to create internal policies/implementation of state policies Ability to create internal policies/implementation of state policies Recent decisions regarding president Recent decisions regarding president

Coordinating body for higher ed Coordinating body for higher ed – 15 public universities – 23 CC (40 campuses) – 1 junior college – 67 out-of-state insitutions – 70 private, non-profit – 49 private, for-profit – 153 vo-tech institutions

Monitors legislation Monitors legislation Coordinates Resources Coordinates Resources Conducts research/data clearinghouse Conducts research/data clearinghouse Creates reports Creates reports – Tuition and fees annually – Special topics/trends P-16 council/bridging K-12 and Higher ed P-16 council/bridging K-12 and Higher ed

Governor McDonnell’s Education Goals Executive order creating the Commission on Higher Education Reform, Innovation and Investment (7 goals) Executive order creating the Commission on Higher Education Reform, Innovation and Investment (7 goals) Educational Reform—Opportunity to Learn (College Partnership Laboratory Schools; Virtual Schools) Educational Reform—Opportunity to Learn (College Partnership Laboratory Schools; Virtual Schools)