Chapter 20~DNA Technology & Genomics

Who am I?

Recombinant DNA n Def: DNA in which genes from 2 different sources are linked n Genetic engineering: direct manipulation of genes for practical purposes n Biotechnology: manipulation of organisms or their components to perform practical tasks or provide useful products

Bacterial plasmids in gene cloning

DNA Cloning n Restriction enzymes (endonucleases): in nature, these enzymes protect bacteria from intruding DNA; they cut up the DNA (restriction); very specific n Restriction site: recognition sequence for a particular restriction enzyme n Restriction fragments: segments of DNA cut by restriction enzymes in a reproducable way

n Sticky end: short extensions of restriction fragments n DNA ligase: enzyme that can join the sticky ends of DNA fragments n Cloning vector: DNA molecule that can carry foreign DNA into a cell and replicate there (usually bacterial plasmids)

Restriction Enzymes

Steps for eukaryotic gene cloning n Isolation of cloning vector (bacterial plasmid) & gene-source DNA (gene of interest) n Insertion of gene-source DNA into the cloning vector using the same restriction enzyme; bind the fragmented DNA with DNA ligase n Introduction of cloning vector into cells (transformation by bacterial cells) n Cloning of cells (and foreign genes) n Identification of cell clones carrying the gene of interest

Cloning

DNA Analysis & Genomics n PCR (polymerase chain reaction) n Gel electrophoresis n Restriction fragment analysis (RFLPs) n Southern blotting n DNA sequencing n Human genome project

Polymerase chain reaction (PCR) n Amplification of any piece of DNA without cells (in vitro) n Materials: heat, DNA polymerase, nucleotides, single- stranded DNA primers n Applications: fossils, forensics, prenatal diagnosis, etc.

DNA Analysis n Gel electrophoresis: separates nucleic acids or proteins on the basis of size or electrical charge creating DNA bands of the same length

Restriction fragment analysis n Restriction fragment length polymorphisms (RFLPs) n Southern blotting: process that reveals sequences and the RFLPs in a DNA sequence n DNA Fingerprinting

DNA Sequencing n Determination of nucleotide sequences (Sanger method, sequencing machine) n Genomics: the study of genomes based onDNA sequences n Human Genome Project

Sanger Method n Sanger-method-of-DNA-sequencing- 3D-animation-with-narration.html Sanger-method-of-DNA-sequencing- 3D-animation-with-narration.html Sanger-method-of-DNA-sequencing- 3D-animation-with-narration.html

Practical DNA Technology Uses n Diagnosis of disease n Human gene therapy n Pharmaceutical products (vaccines) n Forensics n Animal husbandry (transgenic organisms) n Genetic engineering in plants n Ethical concerns?