Describe the settlement of New England; include religious reasons, relations with Native Americans (e.g., King Phillip’s War), the establishment of town meetings and development of a legislature, religious tensions that led to the founding of Rhode Island, the half-way covenant, Salem Witch Trials, and the loss of the Massachusetts charter and the transition to a royal colony

Separatists vs. Puritans

The Box marked Religious Reasons Separatists – wanted to separate from the Church of England (The Pilgrims) Puritans- wanted to Purify or Change the Church of England (almost everyone else) Mayflower Compact- King Phillip’s War

Puritanism Calvinism  Institutes of the Christian Religion  Predestination. Good works could not save those predestined for hell. No one could be certain of their spiritual status. Gnawing doubts led to constantly seeking signs of “conversion.” Puritans:  Want to totally reform [purify] the Church of England.  Grew impatient with the slow process of Protestant Reformation back in England.

Separatist Beliefs:  Puritans who believed only “visible saints” [those who could demonstrate in front of their fellow Puritans their elect status] should be admitted to church membership.  Because the Church of England enrolled all the king’s subjects, Separatists felt they had to share churches with the “damned.”  Therefore, they believed in a total break from the Church of England. Separatists

Sources of Puritan Migration

1620  a group of 102 people [half Separatists]  Negotiated with the Virginia Company to settle in its jurisdiction.  Non-Separatists included Captain Myles Standish. Plymouth Bay way outside the domain of the Virginia Company.  Became squatters without legal right to land & specific authority to establish a govt. The Mayflower

The Mayflower Compact November 11, 1620

Written and signed before the Pilgrims disembarked from the ship. Not a constitution, but an agreement to form a crude govt. and submit to majority rule.  Signed by 41 adult males. Led to adult male settlers meeting in assemblies to make laws in town meetings. 1 st Constitution: Thomas Hooker and The Fundamental Orders of CT

Covenant Theology “Covenant of Grace”:  between Puritan communities and God. “Social Covenant”:  Between members of Puritan communities with each other.  Required mutual watchfulness.  No toleration of deviance or disorder.  No privacy.

That First Year…. Winter of  Only 44 out of the original 102 survived. None chose to leave in 1621 when the Mayflower sailed back. Fall of 1621  First “Thanksgiving.”  Colony survived with fur [especially beaver], fish, and lumber. Plymouth stayed small and economically unimportant.  1691  only 7,000 people  Merged with Massachusetts Bay Colony.

The First Thanksgiving? In 1863, President Lincoln proclaimed Thanksgiving an official US holiday.

William Bradford Self-taught scholar. Chosen governor of Plymouth 30 times in yearly elections. Worried about settlements of non-Puritans springing up nearby and corrupting Puritan society. A Model of Christian Charity

Colonizing New England

First Seal of MA Bay

The MA Bay Colony 1629  non-Separatists got a royal charter to form the MA Bay Co.  Wanted to escape attacks by conservatives in the Church of England.  They didn’t want to leave the Church, just its “impurities.” 1630  1,000 people set off in 11 well- stocked ships  Established a colony with Boston as its hub. “Great Migration” of the 1630s  Turmoil in England [leading to the English Civil War] sent about 70,000 Puritans to America.  Not all Puritans  20,000 came to MA.

John Winthrop We shall be as a city on a hill.. Well-off attorney and manor lord in England. Became 1 st governor of Massachusetts.  Believed that he had a “calling” from God to lead there.  Served as governor or deputy-governor for 19 years.

Land Division in Sudbury, MA:

Characteristics of New England Settlements Low mortality  average life expectancy was 70 years of age. Many extended families. Average 6 children per family. Average age at marriage:  Women – 22 years old  Men – 27 years old.

Patriarchy Authoritarian male father figures controlled each household. Patriarchal ministers and magistrates controlled church congregations and household patriarchs.

Founding of Rhode Island Roger Williams – treat Indians as equals, pay for land, limit/no slavery Anne Hutchinson – believed women could pray without the aid of men Halfway Covenant HC - if your family member was an active Puritan, you could still vote. Before only church members could vote.

Puritan “Rebels” Young, popular minister in Salem.  Argued for a full break with the Anglican Church.  Condemned MA Bay Charter. Did not give fair compensation to Indians. Did not give fair compensation to Indians.  Denied authority of civil govt. to regulate religious behavior  found guilty of preaching newe & dangerous opinions and was exiled. Roger Williams

1636  Roger Williams fled there.  MA Bay Puritans had wanted to exile him to England to prevent him from founding a competing colony.  Remarkable political freedom in Providence, RI Universal manhood suffrage  later restricted by a property qualification. Universal manhood suffrage  later restricted by a property qualification. Opposed to special privilege of any kind  freedom of opportunity for all. Opposed to special privilege of any kind  freedom of opportunity for all. RI becomes known as the “Sewer” because it is seen by the Puritans as a dumping ground for unbelievers and religious dissenters  More liberal than any other colony! Rhode Island

Intelligent, strong-willed, well-spoken woman. Threatened patriarchal control. Antinomialism [direct revelation]  Means “against the law.”  Carried to logical extremes Puritan doctrine of predestination.  Holy life was no sure sign of salvation.  Truly saved didn’t need to obey the law of either God or man. Puritan “Rebels” Anne Hutchinson

1638  she confounded the Puritan leaders for days. Eventually bragged that she had received her beliefs DIRECTLY from God. Direct revelation was even more serious than the heresy of antinomianism. WHY?? Puritan leaders banished her  she & her family traveled to RI and later to NY.  She and all but one member of her family were killed in an Indian attack in Westchester County.  John Winthrop saw God’s hand in this! Anne Hutchinson’s Trial

New England Spreads Out

New England Colonies, 1650

Indians especially weak in New England  epidemics wiped out ¾ of the native popul. Wampanoags [near Plymouth] befriended the settlers.  Cooperation between the two helped by Squanto  Chief Massasoit signed treaty with the settlers.  Autumn, 1621  both groups celebrated the First Thanksgiving. Puritans vs. Native Americans

Religious Reasons Separatists – wanted to separate from the Church of England (The Pilgrims) Puritans- wanted to Purify or Change the Church of England (almost everyone else) Mayflower Compact- King Phillip’s War Early conflict with Indians and Br. Settlers, removed Indians from NE colonies

The Pequot Wars: Pequots  very powerful tribe in CT river valley  Pequot War  Whites, with Narragansett Indian allies, attacked Pequot village on Mystic River.  Whites set fire to homes & shot fleeing survivors!  Pequot tribe virtually annihilated  an uneasy peace lasted for 40 years.

A Pequot Village Destroyed, 1637

Only hope for Native Americans to resist white settlers was to UNITE. Metacom [King Philip to white settlers]  Massasoit’s son united Indians and staged coordinated attacks on white settlements throughout New England.  Frontier settlements forced to retreat to Boston. King Philip’s War ( }

The war ended in failure for the Indians  Metacom beheaded and drawn and quartered.  His son and wife sold into slavery.  Never a serious threat in New England again!! King Philip’s War ( }

Population of the New England Colonies

Population Comparisons: New England v. the Chesapeake

Puritan Political Life FreemenFreemen (adult male heads of families) ruled in church meetings and town meetings. theocracytheocracy, not democracy was the goal. Winthrop's vision of a "City Upon a Hill." Halfway CovenantHalfway Covenant developed to allow unbaptized members (children of Puritans) to vote and thus preserve influence of Puritan authorities. –Halfway Covenant lead to a weakening of Puritan Influence

Old Deluder Act- NE law –In towns of 50 or more persons, the town hired a school teacher to teach the children to read. (Read the Bible- no Old Deluder) Education reserved for those who can pay for it, more popular in NE than in the South Reading and Writing needed for NE business and industry –Shipbuilding, trade, etc… Poor would work as an apprentice to receive training Boston Latin School, 1635, 1 st Public School Dame Howell’s School, NJ

Left- Horn Book Right- NE Primer

Female Education in Colonial America Females educated at home in feminine arts –Dame Schools- small private schools that provided an education children before they were old enough to work. –Taught by an elderly woman reading and writing and skills such as sewing. –Poorer children attended

1 st College- Harvard –Used to educate Puritan Ministers 1 st Southern College- College of William and Mary Colleges more numerous in the Northeast because of Calvinists/Puritan influence on education

MA Hall, Established 1720, oldest existing building on campus

Used to explain uncertainty 1660 and after: witchcraft accusations die down Witch mania reflects the fears European held about the devil Reflects the growing conviction that only the state had the power to protect people Exception: Salem, 1692

Supposed Witches Worshiping the Devil in the Form of a Billy Goat. In the background other witches ride bareback on flying demons. This is one of the earliest visual conceptions of witchcraft, dating from around 1460.

Group of girls accused fellow villagers of witchcraft Trials (featuring "spectral evidence" and body searches for birthmarks) resulted in convictions of many and executions of 20 people and 2 dogs. Goal was restoration of the disciplined community. No confessed witches were hanged or burned. accusers were representatives of a traditional way of life tied to farming and the church accused witches were members of the rising commercial class of small shopkeepers and tradesmen Reaction resulted in anti-Puritan sentiment, weakening of Puritan authority, and apologies from some religious leaders Salem Witch Trials

-1692 in MA, targeted people who did not conform to society’s expectations Royal Colony