Genetic Expression Outside the Skin David Reiss Center for Family Research, George Washington University GWU Research Presentation May 23, 2007

Nonshared Environment in Adolescent Development (NEAD) AA FM Sib type (A-A) Genetic related. 93 MZ 100% 99 DZ 50% 95 FS-non div 50% 182 FS-step 50% 109 HS-step 25% 130 Blended step 0% Time 1 Time 2 Child age

Adolescent antisocial behavior Disruptive, rude, aggressive, coercive behavior Trouble in school, skipped school mean, bully. Stole, lied, cheated OBSERVER CODE PARENT AND CHILD REPORT brief, in home video school behavior home and neighborhood

Illustration of within sib pair correlations for estimating genetic influence on antisocial behavior Sibling ASibling B B’s anti- social behavior A’s anti- social behavior A’s anti- social behavior B’s anti- social behavior MZ DZ

Antisocial behavior: Mother, father, child and observer reports Numbers on vertical axis are intraclass correlations within sibships Heritability = 67% Environmentality: Shared = 12% Nonshared = 21%

Parent-child negativity: Anger and rejection Coercion Conflict Disagreement Punitiveness Yielding to coercion Open conflict Verbal aggression OBSERVER CODES PARENT AND CHILD REPORT

Illustration of within sibling correlations for detecting genetic influences on mother’s negativity Sibling ASibling B MZ DZ mother’s negativity to sib A mother’s negativity to sib B mother’s negativity to sib A mother’s negativity to sib B

Mother’s negativity towards child:Within sibship correlations across sibling types. Numbers on vertical axis are intraclass correlations within sibships Heritability = 59% Environmentality: Shared = 15% Nonshared = 26%

Relationships and development: longitudinal study of mother’s negativity and adolescent adjustment Mother-child negative interaction Adolescent anti- social behavior Adolescent anti- social behavior Mother-child negative interaction Earlier adolescenceLater adolescence.15.08

A simple schema of parent-child relationship Maternal conflict and negativity Parented- directed child behavior GaGa

A simple schema of parent-child relationship Maternal conflict and negativity Parented- directed child behavior GaGa Factor(s) G Emotionality Activity Sociability (-) Shyness Source: J Ganiban, submitted

The relationship between child temperament and maternal negativity and conflict Hyper-reactive parent Non-reactive parent ? psychoanalyst LOW adverse child temperament HIGH Level of maternal neg. (arbitrary units) Source: J Ganiban, submitted Reactive parent and analyst (Dana Satir and Sureyya Iscan)

LO Directly observed parental behavior HI LO Proportion of genetic influence HI on antisocial behavior Harsh parenting Warm parenting Source: M. Feinberg, Arch. Gen. Psychiat., in press Parental behavior and expression of genetic influence on antisocial behavior these include the non-responsive parents