Egyptian Timeline Old Kingdom (2700-2150) Middle Kingdom (2040-1786) New Kingdom (1570-1075)

Old Kingdom Theocracy Menes united Egypt Came to an end with a Civil War Hieroglyphics developed Religion developed Pyramids and Sphinx built

Middle Kingdom Extension of Egyptian control into Nubia Arts developed Theocracy type government Invaded by the Hyksos (invaders on horse)

New Kingdom Militaristic Hebrews enslaved Mummification perfected Social and religious changes Pharaoh had absolute power Invasions prevention used all money in treasury

I. Desert Surrounded by desert with occasional oasis Permits some trade Defense from invasion Contributes to feeling of safety preserves artifacts 1 2 3 4 5 6

“Egypt is the gift of the Nile” -Herodotus 1 2 3 4 5 6

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I. The Nile yearly flooding - no concern for soil depletion Encourages Predictable Irrigation systems Encourages Trade/protection/food Communication Political unity 4160 Miles long-empties in the Mediterranean Sea 1 2 3 4 5 6

I. The Nile 1 2 3 4 5 6

I. The Nile 1 2 3 4 5 6

I. The Nile

I. The Nile Impact on religion divided life - living and dying. East (sunrise) is land of the living - cities, temples West (sunset) is land of the dead – tombs Burials are completed this way ***** How do we bury people today? 1 2 3 4 5 6

II. Religion Omnipresence of religion Polytheistic interaction with the natural environment shows interrelated gods and goddesses yearly rebirth of Nile and daily rebirth of sun over 2000 gods Pharaoh as living god Most important god was Amon-re or RA- the creator or sun god Afterlife Evolution of who has an afterlife Old vs. New Kingdom 1 2 3 4 5 6

II. Osiris God of the Dead - “rebirth” - and the weighing of the heart against a sacred feather =eternal happiness or death Evolution of Egyptian mythology known as a ruler in the Nile delta - a local god regional god. 1 2 3 4 5 6

II. Horus Horus, god of balance and harmony maintained the natural order: the flow of the Nile and the fertility of the soil. 1 2 3 4 5 6

Isis Wife and sister of Osiris and mother of Horus Protector of children

Anubis God of the dead Supervises the embalming process He shows the dead the way to the underworld Weighted the souls of the dead to determine their fate in the afterlife

Anubis

Ra and Amon-Ra During the New Kingdom the two gods were merged into one main god. Amon-Ra

Zozer’s stepped pyramid - similar to Babylonian ziggurats II. Early Pyramids Zozer’s stepped pyramid - similar to Babylonian ziggurats 1 2 3 4 5 6

Why build Pyramids? Belief in the afterlife demanded: Bodies be interred whole Material goods for use in afterlife be present The need to protect the bodies demands good burial tombs First were mastabas Then pyramids Then later… hidden tombs

II. Great Pyramid Tomb for Khufu an almost perfect square (deviation .05%) Orientation is exactly North, South, East West 2,300,000 blocks, 500ft high 20 years to build Average block weighs 2.5 tons Some weigh 9 tons! 1 2 3 4 5 6

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Pyramids of Menkaure, Khafre and Khufu Queen Pyramids in front 1 2 3 4 5 6

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II. Mummies Not known when it started in Egypt Perfected by time of New Kingdom How to make a mummy: 70 steps 1) Removal of the brain through the nostrils 2) Removal of the intestines through an incision in the side 3) Sterilization of the body and intestines 4) Treating, cleaning, dehydrating the intestines 5) Packing the body with natron (a natural dehydrating agent) and leaving for 40 days 6) Removal of the natron agent 7) Packing the limbs with clay or sand 8) Packing the body with linen (soaked in resin), myrrh and cinnamon 9) Treating the body with ointments and finally wrapping with a fine linen gauze, not less than 1000 square yards . 1 2 3 4 5 6

Mummies

Canopic Jars made of alabaster for storage of heart, stomach, intestines and liver which were also treated 1 2 3 4 5 6

Mummy Inner coffin 1 2 3 4 5 6

Second inner coffin lid 1 2 3 4 5 6

Funerary Gifts Gift bearers Shawabti box Model boat 1 2 3 4 5 6

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III. The Pharaoh “The Great House” God-King - Temporal power owns all the land and people and what people posses law vs. Pharaoh's will irrigation no city walls Had absolute power 1 2 3 4 5 6

III. The Pharaoh God-King - Religious direct descendant of the Sun god controls access to the afterlife July-Sept, during floods life is controlled by the Pharaoh 365 day calendar. 1 2 3 4 5 6

Menes

Amenhotep III

Ramses II

King Tut

Hatshepsut

Nefertiti

Cleopatra VII

IV. Daily Life in Egypt Cosmetics, cleanliness (bathe 3 times a day), shaved bodies, wigs main food is beer and bread Grow many crops: emmer, barley, flax, lentils, onion, beans, and millet common building made of sun-dried mud bricks - up to three stories in height Four social classes - slaves on the bottom Most common job … farming 1 2 3 4 5 6

Women Could improve her status through marriage Women had many legal rights such as property ownership

Achievements Lunar Calendar/365 day year/12 months Number system based on 10 Used fractions and geometry

Farms Pharaoh owned ALL land Peasants kept part of crops for themselves Land was divided into large estates Grew mostly wheat, barley, flax and cotton

IV. Farmers in Egypt 1 2 3 4 5 6

IV. Hieroglyphics Language is written without vowels Pictographs were usually written on walls, slates or papyrus 1 2 3 4 5 6

IV. Hieroglyphics Use in temples Rosetta Stone Used for translations 1798 Demotic, Greek and Hieroglyphics 1 2 3 4 5 6

Egyptian Farmers & animals IV. Egyptian Artwork Stela (carved stone) Egyptian Farmers & animals Notice, all people drawn from the side – even when looking right at you! 1 2 3 4 5 6

Old Kingdom 2680 BC-2180 BC Menes united Upper and Lower Egypt 2 classes- Peasants and farmers- Pharoah, scribes and government officials Ended with Civil Wars

V. Middle Kingdom 2050-1750 BCE End of civil wars, farming and trade return move capital south to Upper Egypt (Thebes) public improvements drain swamps, canal to Red Sea belief in afterlife expands to include common people tombs instead of pyramids better protection for mummies. Hyksos introduce the chariot and invade Egypt Weakened government 1 2 3 4 5 6

V. Middle Kingdom 2050-1750 BCE 1 2 3 4 5 6

VI. New Kingdom 1550-1075 BCE Ahmose I expelled the invading Hyksos and reunited Egypt Known as the Empire period development of “public” and “private” zones at temples. 1 2 3 4 5 6

Ahmose I leading Egyptians against the Hyksos 1 2 3 4 5 6

VI. New Kingdom 1550-1075 BCE Characterized by a more militaristic and imperialistic nature incorporated chariot, bronze working, horses development of a professional army became a slave based economy fueled by war and expansion 1 2 3 4 5 6

VI. Threats to Tradition Amenhotep IV (c. 1362-1347 B.C.) introduced the worship of Aton, god of the sun disk, as the chief god and pursued his worship with enthusiasm. Changed name to Akhenaten (“It is well with Aton”) He closed the temples of other gods and especially endeavored to lessen the power of Amon-Re and his priesthood at Thebes. Unsuccessful change to traditional beliefs 1 2 3 4 5 6

VI. Threats to Tradition 1355-1335 BCE Nefertiti Wife of Akhenaton the only pharaoh to even partially reject polytheism political move against priests of Amon-Re moved capital to Amarna worshipped Aton, the sun disk royal inbreeding. 1 2 3 4 5 6

VI. Tutankhamen 1335-1325 BCE (King Tut) child ruler ruled nine years, died at 18 young death meant burial in the tomb of a lesser person (noble) resulting in preservation 1 2 3 4 5 6

VI. Ramses II (1279-1213) greatest New Kingdom ruler military leader of Egypt expanded into southern Turkey built many monuments to himself last gasp of Egyptian power. 1 2 3 4 5 6

VI. Ramses II (1279-1213) 1 2 3 4 5 6

VI. Ramses II (1279-1213) 1 2 3 4 5 6

Ramses II 1st Peace treaty signed Kept Egypt together Called “Ramses the Great”

After Ramses II The following Pharaohs were weak and Egypt fell to invaders from the Mediterranean Sea. By 300 BC, Egyptian rule had come to an end