GEOGRAPHY AND ANCIENT CULTURE EGYPTIANS GEOGRAPHY AND ANCIENT CULTURE

NILE RIVER The Nile River brought life to Egypt and allowed it to thrive. Biannual flooding of the Nile made farming possible.

The Nile River

1. The Nile River is the world’s longest river 1.The Nile River is the world’s longest river. The Nile flows from Upper Egypt in the southern part of the country to Lower Egypt in the Northern part of ancient Egypt.

Therefore the Nile River flows from the South to the North. (Direction) The beginning of a river is called the Source and the ending of a river is called the Mouth.

Cataracts are rapids in rivers that make it hard to get past or navigate. The Nile has sections that are hard for boats to pass. 2. The Nile River has Cataracts or rapids that are hard to navigate. 3. Delta- triangle-shaped area of Land made of soil deposited by a river

Look at the map of the Nile Look at the map of the Nile. Do you see where the river fans out and covers more area? Now answer question #3 Which has fertile, marshy area, Upper Egypt or Lower Egypt? Lower Egypt

silt, is deposited along the Nile River banks after a flood. 4. The Nile River flows into the Mediterranean Sea. When the Nile River floods, fertile soil is left on the land, just like in Mesopotamia. Rich, fertile soil called silt, is deposited along the Nile River banks after a flood.

6. Why does the Nile River flow NORTH? With the mountains to the south, the river flows down hill and north to empty into the Mediterranean Sea.

Nile River Valley Provided fertile soil for crops Provided protection- cataracts, deserts and bodies of water

Unification of Egypt Menes rose to power in Upper Egypt and unified the two kingdoms by taking control of Lower Egypt and by marrying a Lower Egyptian princess. Menes was probably Egypt’s first pharaoh, the title used by the rulers of Egypt. He also founded Egypt’s first dynasty, or series of rulers from the same family.

Menes was important because he was a pharaoh from the Old Kingdom that combined the Upper and Lower Egypt.

Here Come the Pharaohs An Egyptian ruler was called a Pharaoh. The pharaohs are descendants of the sun god RA or RE. Pharaohs wore a Cartouche. This was a royal name tag with the pharaohs’ name written inside a magic loop of rope.

OLD KINGDOM The Old Kingdom was a period in which the Egyptians developed a system based on the belief that the pharaoh was both a king and a god.- Khufu most famous As the population grew, social classes appeared. Egypt began to trade goods with its neighbors.

It’s fun to be at the TOP

Religion The Egyptians had gods for nearly everything, including the sun, the sky, and the earth. These gods would often mix human and animal forms.

How do the ancient Egyptians view death or the afterlife? Afterlife- life after death Ancient Egyptians believed everyone had a spirit or soul called a KA that lived on after their body had died.

Reasons Egyptians use Mummification The Egyptians used mummification to preserve their dead. A MUMMY is called a preserved body.

Do you want to be a Mummy? Everyone eventually wants to be a mummy in ancient Egypt. WHY? Because their spirit, or Ka, needs to recognize the body or the spirit would die. This is why the body has to be preserved.

Religion and the Science of Burial

What’s Natron? Egyptians needed to dehydrate the body before mummification. They used a salt mixture called to dry out the body. Natron

What happens to the guts and stuff? The lungs, liver, stomach, and intestines were stored in and those were placed in the tomb with the body. Possessions were buried with mummies because they would need these things in the afterlife. (ex) food, wine, jewelry. Canopic jars

Sarcophagus Sarcophagus was a stone box that contains a mummy Decorated in gold and very ornate The outside coffin

Pyramids were built as burial tombs for the pharaohs. The first pyramids were called mastabas or platforms.

A Sphinx is a large statue of a creature with the body of a lion and a head of a human.

The Great Pyramid Pyramid of Cheops or Khufu's Pyramid Khufu was buried in the Great Pyramid. It was built 481 feet high (it has lost 30 ft. off the top) The base of the pyramid covers about 13 acres .

Middle Kingdom Following a period of competition for power between the nobles and the pharaohs, the Middle Kingdom began. Egypt fell into disorder around 1750 BC. A group called the Hyksos invaded and ruled the region for 200 years. The Egyptians fought back, and Ahmose of Thebes declared himself king and drove the Hyksos out of Egypt, beginning the New Kingdom.

New Kingdom Fearing future invasions, the Egyptians took control of all possible invasion routes into the kingdom. Egypt took over vast lands and was the leading military power in the area. Egypt became rich because of the lands it conquered.

Growth and Effects of Trade Conquests brought traders into contact with distant lands, and trade routes, or paths followed by traders, developed. Queen Hatshepsut encouraged trade and used the profits to support the arts and architecture. Led by Ramses the Great, Egypt fought invaders for many years, leaving their empire diminished.

Daily Life The complex society required people to take on many different kinds of jobs. Family life was very important in Egyptian society, and most Egyptians lived in their own homes. Women had many legal rights, including owning property, making contracts, and divorcing their husbands.

Hieroglyphics. Hieroglyphics was the Egyptian writing system. Egyptians learned to write hieroglyphics on papyrus, a long-lasting, paperlike material made from reeds. Scribes wrote on papyrus using brushes and ink. Historians learned how to read hieroglyphics after discovering the Rosetta Stone, which was written in three languages. Hieroglyphics A later form of Egyptian Greek

Temples Egyptians believed the massive temples were homes of the gods. People visited to worship, offer gifts to the gods, and ask for favors. Temples had Stone sphinxes and other statues An obelisk: a tall, four-sided pillar that is pointed at the top Painted walls and columns that also had hieroglyphics

Egyptian art filled tombs. Egyptian art was filled with lively, colorful scenes. Art showed historical events, everyday life, and religious events. Painting had a distinctive style in which people’s heads and legs are always seen from the side, but upper bodies are shown straight on. Tombs contained work such as: Art and hieroglyphics on walls and columns Stone statues and carvings Egyptians were skilled stoneworkers. Jewelry

Nubia A group of people called the Kushites settled in a region now called Nubia and established the first large kingdom in the interior of Africa. The development of the Kushite civilization was greatly influenced by the geography of Nubia, especially the role played by the Nile River.

Nubia Ancient Nubia was fertile due to annual flooding. It was rich in valuable minerals that contributed to its wealth. Gold Copper Stone Farmers thrived there, and one became the king of a region he called Kush. The capital city of Kerma was protected from invaders by the cataracts of the Nile River.

Kush and Egypt Trade Egypt and Kush traded with each other. However, relations between Kush and Egypt became hostile. Egypt feared that Kush would become too powerful, so it invaded and conquered Kush. Kush was an Egyptian territory for about 450 years. Many Kushites adopted Egyptian religious practices, names, and language. During a time of decline in Egypt, Kushite leaders regained control of Kush, becoming independent again.

Kush Regains Power Kush regained its strength and conquered Egypt under the direction of Kashta and his son Piankhi. By 751 BC the Kushite king Kashta had conquered Upper Egypt. Piankhi ruled all of Egypt by the time of his death around 716 BC. Shabaka, brother of Piankhi, declared himself pharaoh and began the Kushite Dynasty. This dynasty tried to restore the old Egyptian cultural practices. The Kushite Dynasty remained strong until the Assyrians drove them out of Egypt in the 670s BC.

Later Kush Kush devoted itself to increasing agriculture and trade. Within a few centuries, it became a rich and powerful kingdom again. Meroë, the kingdom’s new capital, developed an iron industry. Resources such as iron ore and wood for furnaces helped the industry grow quickly. Meroë became the center of a large trade network, a system of people in different lands who trade goods.

Kushite Culture Kushite culture was influenced by Egypt. They worshipped Egyptian gods, built pyramids, wore Egyptian clothing, and had rulers called pharaohs. The Kushites also had their own gods. They developed their own written language, called Meroitic. The women of Kush were expected to be as active in society as the men. Some rose to positions of authority and power, especially religious authority.

Delcine in Kush. Loss of Resources Cattle overgrazed the land, leaving nothing to hold the soil down and allowing it to blow away. Ironmakers used up the forests near Meroë. Military power declined when weapons were not produced. Trade Rivals Merchants set up new trade routes that went around Kush, weakening its trade.