1-1 Lecture 1: Introduction Nuclear Forensics and the Fuel Cycle Readings: §Nuclear Forensics Analysis: Chapter 1 Introduction Class organization §Outcomes §Grading Introduction §What is nuclear forensics Nuclear material §Types of material §Critical masses Device development Forensic goals

1-2 Introduction Course objectives §Understand and comprehend technical aspects of nuclear forensics §Highlight role of radiochemistry in nuclear forensics §Apply technical aspects to the nuclear fuel cycle Course will emphasize the role of nuclear forensics in the nuclear fuel cycle §Evaluate available tools §Assess applications and limitations

1-3 Course overview Course topics §Basics of radiochemistry for nuclear forensics §Role of applications in nuclear forensics §Chemistry and physics involved in forensics §Principles of devices §Sampling §Laboratory techniques §Application of signatures §Signatures from the fuel cycle Textbooks and published literature are used a reading material §Moody, Hutcheon, Grant: Nuclear Forensic Analysis

1-4 Outcomes 1.Understand, utilize, and apply radiochemistry to nuclear forensics §Bring chart of nuclide to class §Fission §Growth and decay 2.Understand how signatures can arise from applications §Different aspects of the fuel cycle §Utilization and treatment of material 3.Understand the basic principles of devices §Types of devices §Expected signatures 4.Understand types of signatures available from analysis §Chronometry §Isotopics §Standard

1-5 Outcomes 5.Comprehend role of sample collection in nuclear forensics §Types of samples available 6.Understand differ laboratory methods for nuclear forensics §Isotopic analysis §Microscopy 7.Understand how signatures are used §Determining source and attribution

1-6 Grading (nominal) Homework (15 %) §Based upon presented information Two comprehensive quizzes (35% each) §Based on topic covered in lecture and homework Class participation (15 %) §Be prepared for discussion Goal of quizzes is material comprehension Nature of comprehensive quizzes §Take home §Lead to ideas for proposal

1-7 Outline: Lectures DateTopic Wednesday23-JanNo Class Monday28-JanNo Class Wednesday30-JanIntroduction, Radiochemistry In Nuclear Forensics Monday04-FebRadiochemistry In Nuclear Forensics Wednesday06-FebNo Class Monday11-FebSignatures From Applications Of Nuclear Material Wednesday13-FebSignatures From Applications Of Nuclear Material Monday18-FebHOLIDAY Chemistry In Nuclear Forensics Wednesday20-FebChemistry In Nuclear Forensics Monday25-FebChemistry In Nuclear Forensics Wednesday27-FebPrinciples Of Devices Monday04-MarPrinciples Of Devices Wednesday06-MarChronometry Monday11-MarSmall Sample Techniques Wednesday13-MarSample Collection And Preparation Monday18-MarSample Collection And Preparation Wednesday20-MarInorganic Samples (EXAM)

1-8 Outline: Lectures DateTopic Monday01-AprInorganic Samples Wednesday03-AprOrganic And Other Sample Monday08-AprLaboratory Techniques Wednesday10-AprLaboratory Techniques Monday15-AprProduction Estimates, Attribution Wednesday17-AprAttribution Monday22-AprSignatures From Milling And Processing Wednesday24-AprSignatures From Enrichment And Conversion Monday29-AprSignatures From Fuel Production Wednesday01-MaySignatures From Fuel Burnup Monday06-MaySeparations Signatures Wednesday08-MayOverview Of Processes For Forensics and Safeguards Monday13-MayFinal Exam

1-9 Introduction What is nuclear forensics? §A number of different views exist àEvidence, analysis àInput into attribution àFocus on tools Nuclear Materials §Material in devices àFissile isotopes (special nuclear material) *Enriched in 233 U or 235 U Ø 235 U level can define material (LEU, HEU) ØOralloy 93.5% 235 U *Containing any isotopes Pu ØWeapons grade 93 % 239 Pu ØReactor grade 8% < 240 Pu ØMOX 60 % 239 Pu, 25 % 240 Pu

1-10 Nuclear Material Other nuclear material § 237 Np àhigh energy neutrons for fission àProtected material under IAEA § 241 Am § 252 Cf § 6 Li, 2 H, 3 H Source material §Th and U Identify origin and handling of associated material

1-11 Critical masses 1 kg of fissile material releases 17 kt TNT equivalent Minimum quantity of fissile material for nuclear explosion is critical mass Estimate volume of critical mass for 235 U and 239 PuEstimate volume of critical mass for 235 U and 239 Pu MaterialBare, Isolated Sphere (kg)Fully Tampered (Reflected) Sphere (kg) 235 U Pu (  phase) Pu (  phase) 166 Civil Pu U156

1-12 Plutonium is a unique element in exhibiting six different crystallographic phases at ambient pressure (it has a seventh phase under pressure). In addition, unlike most metals, plutonium contracts on melting. Transformations to different crystal structures occur readily and are accompanied by very large volume changes. By comparison, aluminum’s behavior is predictable and uneventful. It expands monotonically on heating in the solid phase, and it also expands on melting. The dashed lines show that thermal contraction on cooling the liquid (L) phase of plutonium extrapolates to that of the β-phase; the thermal contraction on cooling the ε-phase extrapolates to that of the γ-phase.

1-13 Phase never observed, slow kinetics

1-14 Fissile and fertile material Fissile material §Material that can sustain chain reaction Fertile materials §Source material that can create fissile material § 232 Th, 238 U Enrichment of U §Gas, electromagnetic separation Related to power production and reactor type §How can these be different? àFast, thermal, CANDU §1 GWe burns about 1 ton of fissile material annually à200 kg of Pu produced àabout 70 t of Pu annually formed in reactor worldwide

1-15 Device development Manhattan project to Cold War §Little Boy, U device àTotal mass 4100 kg à84 % enriched 235 U à1 % of U fissioned, 13 kt yield §Fat Man, Pu device à6 kg, 95 % < 239 Pu àTotal mass 4900 kg à20 % efficient, 21 kt yield

1-16 Device development Cold war §Improved design, fission yield to 500 kt àBlast influence 125 km 2 /Usa/Weapons/Allbombs.html Fusion with DT or 6 LiD §Up to 60 Mt yield Improved explosive, Ga-Pu alloys Extensive testing and evaluation US produced about 100 t 239 Pu and 994 t HEU

1-17 Treaties Control of weapons based on treaties §Between declared nuclear power §Usage of fission for power 100 tons surplus 239 Pu in each US and Russian inventory Nuclear smuggling §Range of material

1-18 Forensic goals Determine attributes of material §Where produced §What is it §Transport route àLegal and safety issues Traditional forensics §Fingerprints, DNA, pollen Source and route §Source from SNM §Time since separation §Relate to nuclear fuel cycle

1-19 Topic review Discuss nuclear forensics §Why does it mean different things to different groups What are the different types of nuclear material §Types of material §Critical masses §Production methods and sources Device development §How does this influence forensics Define forensic goals

1-20 Study Questions What is Special Nuclear Material? What is a critical mass? §Include volume analysis Define nuclear forensics What are the goals of nuclear forensics?

1-21 Pop Quiz What are the course outcomes?