Migration of humans throughout the world Technological and social developments of humans

DIFFUSION COLONIZATION OR MIGRATION

POTTERY PLOWS WOVEN TEXTILES METALLURGY WHEELS AND WHEELED VEHICLES

GENERATION OF RELIABLE SURPLUSES SPECIALIZATION CLEAR SOCIAL CLASS DISTINCTIONS GROWTH OF CITIES COMPLEX, FORMAL GOVERNMENTS TRADE ORANIZED WRITING SYSTEMS

MESOPOTAMIA EGYPT MOHENJO-DARO SHANG OLMECS (MESOAMERICA) CHAVIN (SOUTH AMERICA

Patriarchy Specialization Social Stratification More diseases More warfare Larger population Greater complexity

DEFINITION SOURCES OF STATE AUTHORITY? RELIGION WRITING LAVISH LIFESTYLE TO SET THEM APART EXAMPLE: PALACES, ELABORATE BURIALS

"Cuneiform" was a script whose name derives from the wedges ("cunei" in Latin) impressed into soft clay tablets to form characters. The clay was then fired, and the result was the earliest known form of writing in the world. The example here, from ancient Sumer, about 2039 BCE, concerns the wages due to supervisors of day laborers.

Cuneiform Writing

A typical stele, or marker, on which Hammurabi's laws were inscribed. Markers such as these were placed in prominent places for literate citizens to consult. This shows the king on the left and the god Shamash, the god of law and justice, on the right.

The Egyptians had complex ideas about the whole process of the afterlife, including a judgment of the deceased. Here, in a scene from the New Kingdom's Books of the Dead, a princess watches as her heart is weighed on a scale for purity. Gods shown include Osiris seated on the right and the scribe god Thoth next to the scale recording the result.

One panel of an object known as the "Royal Standard of Ur", created in Sumeria around 2750 BCE. The object is composed of two mosaic panels, made from lapis lazuli, limestone, and shell. These mosaics are generally known as "War" and "Peace".

Various tribes who all spoke related languages deriving from some original common tongue and who eventually settled Europe, Iran, and Northern India. Formed the common roots of many languages of Europe, southwest Asia, and India Probable original homeland: Caucausus, Southern Russian plains to the North or in Eastern Anatolia Between 3000 and 2000 BCE the Indo-Europeans were driven from West Asia by some disaster. The tribes dispersed in all directions and when they encountered agricultural peoples, they turned to conquest to occupy the land. The Indo-European migrations set the stage for profound changes across Eurasia.

Indo-Europeans domesticated horses by 4000 BCE. By 3000 BCE Sumerian knowledge of bronze metallurgy and wheels had diffused north They developed transportation technologies that were faster and more efficient than other alternatives. It gave them a military advantage because of the strength and speed of their horses. Many Indo-Europeans considered themselves superior to other peoples. Influence on trade Horses, chariots with spoked wheels Iron Migrations to western China, Greece, Italy also significant Hittites migrate to central Anatolia, c BCE, later sack Babylonia

Most influential of the Indo-Europeans were the Hittites 1900 BCE-went to central Anatolia and imposed their rule on the people there BCE toppled the Babylonian Empire 2 major technological innovations: 1. light, horse-drawn war chariots 2. refinement of iron metallurgy Sumerian chariots were heavy and slow, but Hittites used spoked wheels that were lighter and more maneuverable Chariot technology diffused widely so that charioteers because elite strike forces of armies After 1300 Hittites refined techniques of iron metallurgy which made it more effective weapons cheaply and in large quantities. (Heated iron and made it more durable) Hittites weren’t the original inventors of these two technologies but they improved and introduced innovations that others adopted.

Indo-European migrations to the East went into central Asia and went as far as China Indo-European migrations to the West 1 group went into Greece and then later into central Italy Another group went from Southern Russia into Central Europe and Western Europe and then to the British Isles, the Baltic region, and the Iberian peninsula Indo-European migrations to the south went into Iran and India

Although empires came and went, trade continued to expand through this period Trade between Mesopotamia and Indus Valley flourished. Trade also expanded between Egypt and Nubia

Egypt and Nubia (Kush)

Kush, the Egyptian name for ancient Nubia, was the site of a highly advanced, ancient black African civilization that rivaled ancient Egypt in wealth, power and cultural development.

The first capital of Kush lay at Kerma just south of the Third Cataract of the Nile. Here dwelt powerful and wealthy black kings who controlled the trade routes connecting central Africa with ancient Egypt.

The Egyptians, who had few natural resources of their own, sought the precious, exotic products of central Africa to satisfy the demands of their luxury- loving populace. By about 1500 B.C., the Egyptians, feeling threatened by the Nubian kings, invaded Kush and conquered it.

Model coffin of Tutankhamun, probably made from Nubian gold. Found in his tomb at Thebes. Egypt, Dynasty 18, ca BCE. For the next four centuries, the Egyptians exploited Kush as a colony. Egypt's wealth in gold came from the desert mines of Kush. The Egyptian word for gold is nub, which is thought by some to be the origin of the name Nubia.

Around 730 B.C., Kush's warrior hordes turned the tables on a weakened Egypt and conquered it. This event established the black Pharaohs from Kush.

Muhammad Ahmad "El Mahdi“ of Sudan Nubia was converted to Christianity in the 6th cent. A.D. Joined with the Christian kingdom of Ethiopia, it long resisted Muslim encroachment, but in the 14th cent. it finally collapsed.