An Introduction to Human Anatomy Chapter 1

Definitions –Anatomy the study of the names of the structures in the human body –Physiology the study of the functions of body parts

Variation in Human Structure Anatomy books can only teach you the most common structure –No 2 humans are exactly alike Examples –Some people completely lack certain organs –Most have 2 kidneys –Situs inversus

Fields in Anatomy Microscopic anatomy Gross anatomy Radiologic anatomy Regional anatomy Systemic anatomy

Chemical Level Atom –Smallest unit of a specific substance

Chemical Level Molecule –2 or more atoms bonded together –Can be extremely complex

Chemical Organization Four of the most widely distributed elements on earth are: –Oxygen –Carbon –Hydrogen –Nitrogen Inorganic compounds Organic compounds

Molecular Level - Categories of Organic Compounds Four categories form the basis of living matter –Carbohydrates –Lipids –Proteins –Nucleic acids

Molecular Level - Carbohydrates Contain C, H, O Function: structural building blocks, source of energy Sugars and starches

Human Anatomy, 3rd edition Prentice Hall, © 2001 Structure of Carbohydrates

Molecular Level - Lipids Contain C, H, O Function: food storage, structural component, source of energy Fats and oils

Molecular Level - Proteins Contain C, H, O, N Function: food source, structural component, enzymes, etc. Structure: chains of amino acids Sequence of amino acids determines protein’s shape Shape determines how functional a protein is Basis of Life

Human Anatomy, 3rd edition Prentice Hall, © 2001 Molecular Level - Nucleic Acids Contain C, H, O, N, P Function: energy carriers – ATP Function: genetic systems –DNA, RNA Determine what proteins are made Structure: nucleotides bonded together to form long chains

Human Anatomy, 3rd edition Prentice Hall, © 2001 Base Pairs Nitrogen bases of the nucleotides occur in pairs –Hold the 2 strands of DNA together 4 nitrogen bases in DNA –Adenine, guanine, cytosine, thymine –Bonding is specific A – T T – A C – G G – C –Sequence determines the order of amino acids in a protein

Human Anatomy, 3rd edition Prentice Hall, © 2001 Protein Synthesis - Transcription DNA separates Each chain links itself to RNA nitrogen bases (Transcription) 4 nitrogen bases in RNA –Adenine, guanine, cytosine, uracil –Bonding is specific A – U U – A C – G G – C –Forms a single strand of RNA Mutations may occur

Human Anatomy, 3rd edition Prentice Hall, © 2001 Protein Synthesis - Translation RNA moves out into cytoplasm –Binds to a ribosome –Binds to specific amino acids Amino acids bond together –Form a protein

Human Anatomy, 3rd edition Prentice Hall, © 2001 Summary of Replication, Transcription, Translation

Levels of Organization

Organization of Molecules, Etc. Molecules are organized into cells –Basic unit of a living organism Cells are grouped together into tissues –Groups of cells having the same function Organs are groups of different tissues –Special functions Organs are grouped into organ systems – Groups of organs working together

Early Anatomists Aristotle –One of the earliest to write about anatomy Claudius Galen –Medical textbook was the basis for teaching for 1500 years

The Birth of Modern Anatomy Andreus Vesalius –Pioneer of modern anatomy –Published the first atlas of anatomy De Humani Corporis Fabrica (On the Structure of the Human Body)

The Discovery of Microscopic Anatomy Antony van Leeuwenhoek (1632 – 1723) –Invented a microscope capable of visualizing single cells Robert Hooke (1635 – 1703) –Developed the first practical compound microscope –Observed “cells” Microscopes were improved in the 19 th century –Matthias Schleiden (botanist) and Theodor Schwann (zoologist) - cell theory

The Nature of Human Life – What is Life? –Organization –Cellular composition –Biochemical unity –Metabolism –Excitability –Homeostasis –Growth –Development –Reproduction –Evolution

The Nature of Human Life – What Is a Human? Primate characteristics –4 upper and lower incisors –A pair of clavicles –Only 2 mammary glands –Forward-facing eyes with stereoscopic vision –Flat nails –Opposable thumbs

The Nature of Human Life – What is a Human? Hominid Characteristics –Large brains –Complex speech –Tool making –Bipedalism

Survey of the Human Body

Human Anatomy, 3rd edition Prentice Hall, © 2001 Integumentary System

Human Anatomy, 3rd edition Prentice Hall, © 2001 Skeletal System

Human Anatomy, 3rd edition Prentice Hall, © 2001 Muscular System

Human Anatomy, 3rd edition Prentice Hall, © 2001 Nervous System

Human Anatomy, 3rd edition Prentice Hall, © 2001 Endocrine System

Human Anatomy, 3rd edition Prentice Hall, © 2001 Cardiovascular System

Human Anatomy, 3rd edition Prentice Hall, © 2001 Lymphatic System

Human Anatomy, 3rd edition Prentice Hall, © 2001 Respiratory System

Human Anatomy, 3rd edition Prentice Hall, © 2001 Digestive System

Human Anatomy, 3rd edition Prentice Hall, © 2001 Urinary System

Human Anatomy, 3rd edition Prentice Hall, © 2001 Male Reproductive System

Human Anatomy, 3rd edition Prentice Hall, © 2001 Female Reproductive System

The Language of Anatomy Descriptive Terms Used in Superficial Anatomy

Human Anatomy, 3rd edition Prentice Hall, © 2001 Anatomical Position Standing Facing forward Palms forward

Anatomical regions Cephalic Cervical Thoracic Abdominal Inguinal Lumbar Brachial Femoral Abdominopelvic areas –2 methods

Human Anatomy, 3rd edition Prentice Hall, © 2001 Abdominopelvic Quadrants

Human Anatomy, 3rd edition Prentice Hall, © 2001 Abdominopelvic Regions

Human Anatomy, 3rd edition Prentice Hall, © 2001 Directional Terms

Human Anatomy, 3rd edition Prentice Hall, © 2001 Sections and Planes

Human Anatomy, 3rd edition Prentice Hall, © 2001 Body Cavities Body is divided into cavities that contain organs Body cavities have membranes that line the cavity themselves as well as cover the organs. –Visceral and parietal –The space between the two is filled with fluid.

Human Anatomy, 3rd edition Prentice Hall, © 2001 Body Cavities

Body Cavity Linings Pericardial cavity –Pericardium –Pericardial fluid Pleural cavity –Pleura –Pleural fluid Abdominopelvic cavity –Peritoneum –Peritoneal fluid