Unit 9: Classification Background Image: http://www.funny-potato.com/images/animals/jellyfish/jellyfish.jpg

Introduction Classification is the arrangement of organisms into orderly groups based on their similarities. Background Image: http://www.funny-potato.com/images/animals/jellyfish/jellyfish.jpg

Taxonomy Scientists classify the diverse number of organisms on the planet in order to learn and study from them. Taxonomy is the field of biology that identifies (gives organisms a name) and classifies organisms based on shared characteristics. Carolus Linnaeus Swedish biologist who in the mid-1700’s developed the biological system of classification with 7 taxonomic levels (kingdom, phylum, class, order, family, genus, & species). Background Image: http://www.funny-potato.com/images/animals/jellyfish/jellyfish.jpg

Binomial Nomenclature Genus species in Latin They use Latin because it is universal (worldwide) and it is not widely spoken and, therefore, the meanings of the word are not likely to change. italics. Genus name is written first and is capitalized. Species name is written second and is NOT capitalized. Correctly written scientific names Homo sapien sapiens (modern man) Felis domesticus (common housecat) Background Image: http://www.funny-potato.com/images/animals/jellyfish/jellyfish.jpg

Purpose for Classification A Latin name eliminates confusion caused by common name differences. EX: crayfish, crawdad, mudbug are all common names for…. Cambarus bartoni Background Image: http://www.funny-potato.com/images/animals/jellyfish/jellyfish.jpg

Purpose for Classification 2. Classification organizes large amounts of information into manageable levels. 3. Classification also reveals (or shows) evolutionary relationships between organisms. Background Image: http://www.funny-potato.com/images/animals/jellyfish/jellyfish.jpg

Modern Levels of Classification Domain is the most recently added 8th taxonomic level, which is even more inclusive than a kingdom. Video Background Image: http://www.funny-potato.com/images/animals/jellyfish/jellyfish.jpg

Levels of Classification Kingdom is the second level. (EX Plants or Animals) http://www.mun.ca/biology/scarr/139427_Five_Kingdoms.jpg These organisms have similar characteristics such as: cell structure, level of specialization and method of obtaining nutrients. Background Image: http://www.funny-potato.com/images/animals/jellyfish/jellyfish.jpg

Levels of Classification Species is the LAST, most specific unit of classification where members can interbreed and produce fertile offspring. Background Image: http://www.funny-potato.com/images/animals/jellyfish/jellyfish.jpg

Dichotomous Key special guides to help identify organisms. consists of several pairs of descriptive statements Background Image: http://www.funny-potato.com/images/animals/jellyfish/jellyfish.jpg

Review of Ecology - Energy Flow All life depends on energy in order to function and survive. The cells in your body are constantly using energy. The source of all energy on Earth is the sun. Background Image: http://www.funny-potato.com/images/animals/jellyfish/jellyfish.jpg http://photography.nationalgeographic.com/photography/photos/pod-sunrises-sunsets/victoria-coast-sunset_pod_image.html; Photograph by R. Ian Lloyd

Producers/Autotrophs Organisms that capture energy from sunlight are called autotrophs (they automatically make their own food) EX plants & bacteria All other organisms somehow depend on the producers for food. Producers http://www.vtaide.com/png/foodchains.htm Background Image: http://www.funny-potato.com/images/animals/jellyfish/jellyfish.jpg

Consumers/Heterotrophs Organisms that have to eat are Types: Herbivores – obtain energy by eating plants. (manatee) Carnivores – obtain energy by eating animals. (sharks) Omnivores – obtain energy by eating both plants and animals (humans, bears) Detritvore – obtain energy by eating dead plants & animals Decomposers – obtain energy by breaking down organic matter (bacteria, fungi) Background Image: http://www.funny-potato.com/images/animals/jellyfish/jellyfish.jpg

Feeding Relationships Food chains show the pathway for the transfer of energy. A producer always starts a food chain. Arrows show where the energy goes (from the grass, to the grasshopper) Sketch the EX in your notes. Background Image: http://www.funny-potato.com/images/animals/jellyfish/jellyfish.jpg

Feeding Relationships Food webs are the interconnected food chains in a community. They usually show more detailed relationships. Snakes eat how many types of organisms? (Follow Arrows) Many organisms in a food chain can eat more than one type of food. Many organisms are also food source for more than one organism. Background Image: http://www.funny-potato.com/images/animals/jellyfish/jellyfish.jpg

Energy (Ecological) Pyramids show how energy moves through an ecosystem. Producers are always at bottom (closest to the sun with the most energy). Animals gain only a partial amount of energy from the food they eat (10%) 90% is given off as heat. Background Image: http://www.funny-potato.com/images/animals/jellyfish/jellyfish.jpg http://www.etap.org/demo/biology_files/lesson6/kep26.jpg

Kingdom Monera Under Domains Bacteria and Archaea Prokaryotes no nucleus No membrane organelles Unicellular DNA in a plasmid (circular loop) Three shapes: rod, speherical, spiral Reproduction = binary fission Phyla Cyanobacteria Archaebacteria Eubacteria (E. coli) Prochorobacteria Background Image: http://www.funny-potato.com/images/animals/jellyfish/jellyfish.jpg

Bacteria Unicellular prokaryotes (no nucleus!) http://content.answers.com/main/content/wp/en-commons/thumb/6/6d/320px-Prokaryote_cell_diagram.svg.png Unicellular prokaryotes (no nucleus!) The microscopic bacteria live in the soil, in water, and in and on the human body! Some bacteria is used to convert milk to yogurt and another causes pneumonia. Background Image: http://www.funny-potato.com/images/animals/jellyfish/jellyfish.jpg

Archaebacteria Ancient unicellular prokaryotes autotrophs live in very extreme environments (hot volcanic springs, black organic mud, etc) some can only survive in the absence of oxygen! This Yellowstone spring is 194°F! Background Image: http://www.funny-potato.com/images/animals/jellyfish/jellyfish.jpg

Kingdom Protista Single and Multicellular Eukaryotes (nucleus & organelles) Some autotrophs and some heterotrophs Phyla Rhizopoda (amoeba) Actinopoda (protozoan) Foraminifera (plankton) Apicomplexa (plasmodium) Ciliophora (paramecium) Zoomastigophora (flagellate) Background Image: http://www.funny-potato.com/images/animals/jellyfish/jellyfish.jpg

Kingdom Fungi Unicellular or multicellular eukaryotes cell walls of chitin Decomposing heterotrophs – they do not use photosynthesis to create food! Phyla Chytridiomycota Zygomycota (black bread mold) Ascomycota (yeast, molds) Basidiomycota (mushrooms) Background Image: http://www.funny-potato.com/images/animals/jellyfish/jellyfish.jpg

Kingdom Plantae Plants are complex multicellular eukaryotes that have cell walls and create their food using photosynthesis (thus the green color!). Non-motile (do not move) Phyla Anthophyta (flowering plants) Coniferophyta (cone-bearing plants) Pteridophyta (ferns) Bryophyta (moss) Background Image: http://www.funny-potato.com/images/animals/jellyfish/jellyfish.jpg

Kingdom Animalia The kingdom Animalia contain multicellular eukaryotic heterotrophs. At the microscopic level, animal cells are different because they do NOT have cell walls. Phyla Annelida (earthworms) Nematoda (roundworms) Platyhelminthes (flatworms) Porifera (sponges) Chordata Class Chondrichthyes (cartilaginous fish: shark, sting rays) Class Osteicthyes (bony fish: catfish, salmon) Aves (birds) Reptilia (reptiles) Mammalia Mollusca Class Gastropoda (snails) Class Bivalva (clams, oysters) Class Cephalopoda (squid, octopus) Arthropoda Class Insecta Class Crustacea (crab, lobster, shrimp, crawfish) Class Arachnida (spiders) Echinodermata Class Asteroidea (sea stars) Class Echinoidea (sea urchin, sand dollar) Class Holothuroidea (sea cucumbers) Cnidaria Class Scyphozoa (jellyfish) Class Anthozoa (coral, sea anemones) Background Image: http://www.funny-potato.com/images/animals/jellyfish/jellyfish.jpg