Earth is home to an incredible diversity of life. Diversity – differences The Biosphere includes all living things and all the places they are found.

The biosphere includes many environments. land

saltwater and freshwater environments portions of the atmosphere

Biodiversity is the variety of life. Biodiversity generally increases from the poles to the equator. Biodiversity is greater in areas with consistently warm temperatures. Biodiversity is greater closer to the equator.

A species is one particular type of living thing. Members of a species can interbreed to reproduce. There are about 2 million different living species that have been identified.

An organism is any individual living thing.

All organisms share certain characteristics. Characteristics of Life: 1. All are made of one or more cells.

2. All need energy for metabolism. Sum of all chemical processes in a body 3. All respond to their environment. Stimuli  Environmental Factors (light, temperature, touch) Response  Reaction of the organism to the stimulus 4. All Reproduce and Develop All have DNA that they pass on to offspring.

All levels of life have systems of related parts. 1.2 All levels of life have systems of related parts. A system is an organized group of parts that interact to form a whole. A cell is a system of chemicals and processes. A body system includes organs that interact. An ecosystem includes living and nonliving things that interact in a physical environment.

1.2 Biologists study many different systems.

Structure and function are related in biology. 1.2 Structure and function are related in biology. Structure determines function. Proteins with different structures perform different functions. Different species have different anatomical structures with different functions.

1.2 Organisms must maintain homeostasis to survive in diverse environments. Homeostasis is the maintenance of constant internal conditions in an organism. Cells function best in limited conditions Temperature, blood sugar, acidity, etc.

1.2 Homeostasis is usually maintained through negative feedback. Negative feedback system – a change in a system causes a response that returns the system to its original state.

1.2 Behaviors and adaptations can help maintain homeostasis.

Evolution explains the unity and diversity of life. 1.2 Evolution explains the unity and diversity of life. Evolution is the change in living things over time. The genetic makeup of a population of a species changes. Evolution can occur through natural selection of adaptations. Adaptations are beneficial inherited traits that are passed to future generations.

1.2 Natural selection of genetic traits can lead to genetic diversity which is responsible for the diversity of life. Organisms have similar cell structure and similar chemical processes

1.3 Maintaining safety Safety Symbol – a symbol that warns you about a danger that may exist from chemicals, electricity, heat, or procedures you will use

Like all science, biology is a process of inquiry. 1.3 Like all science, biology is a process of inquiry. Scientists make careful and systematic observations. Observation – using our senses to study the world. Scientists record observations as data. Qualitative Data – descriptions Quantitative Data – measurements (mass, volume, Temperature) Scientists form a hypothesis as a possible answer to a question. hypothesis must be specific and testable Scientists test their hypotheses and analyze their data.

1.3 Independent variable condition that is changed by scientists Dependent variable are observed and measured during an experiment. Only 1 independent variable is tested in an experiment Constants are conditions that are kept the same. Control Group – Everything is kept constant (normal conditions) Experimental Group – Independent variable is changed

1.3 Analyzing Data Statistics and Mathematics 2 possible outcomes Nonsignificant – data shows no effect or so small of an effect it could of happened by chance Hypothesis is rejected  often leads to a new hypothesis Statistically significant – effect is likely not due to chance

1.3 A theory is supported by a wide range of scientific evidence. Theories can change based on new evidence.

Imaging technologies provide new views of life. 1.4 Imaging technologies provide new views of life. A microscope provides an enlarged image of an object. light microscopes (LM) – light passes through specimen

Imaging technologies provide new views of life. 1.4 Imaging technologies provide new views of life. A microscope provides an enlarged image of an object. light microscopes (LM) scanning electron microscopes (SEM) – 3 D image of the surface

Imaging technologies provide new views of life. 1.4 Imaging technologies provide new views of life. A microscope provides an enlarged image of an object. light microscopes (LM) scanning electron microscopes (SEM) transmission electron microscopes (TEM) Electron microscopes higher magnification Cannot be used to study living organisms

1.4 Imaging technology is used in medicine. X-ray images X-ray images – look at skeleton

Imaging technology is used in medicine. 1.4 Imaging technology is used in medicine. X-ray images magnetic resonance imaging (MRI) – strong magnetic field Can view soft tissue

Imaging technology is used in medicine. 1.4 Imaging technology is used in medicine. X-ray images magnetic resonance imaging (MRI) functional MRI (fMRI) Shows where activity is taking place

effect of medicines on the human body 1.4 Computer models are used to study systems that cannot be studied directly. heart attacks Normal heartbeat effect of medicines on the human body movement of water molecules into and out of a cell spread of a disease through a population Heart attack Computer models are used when experiments are not safe, ethical, or practical.

The tools of molecular genetics give rise to new biological studies. 1.4 The tools of molecular genetics give rise to new biological studies. A gene is a segment of DNA that stores genetic information.

1.4 Through our understanding of DNA, we can study genetics on a molecular level. molecular genetics – study and manipulation of DNA Genomics – study and comparison of genomes both within a species and across species

1.5 Your health and the health of the environment depend on your knowledge of biology. food allergies potential effects of obesity

1.5 Knowledge of biology helps you understand: your health cancer effects of alcohol, tobacco, and other drugs

1.5 Knowledge of biology can help you understand: environmental issues interactions in ecosystems pollution Animal deformities chemicals in water, radiation, infection

1.5 Biotechnology is the use and application of living things and biological processes. Medicine, agriculture, forensics

1.5 Transgenic – altered copies of an organisms own genes crops - (genetically modified) increase nutrients, yield of plants and resistance to insects bacteria – make human insulin (diabetes) sheep/cows – human antibodies and proteins

1.5 Questions are raised about the use of biotechnology. – long term effects spread of undesirable genes decrease in biodiversity ethical considerations Who should have access? (insurance companies?) How should information be used? (reveal child might have genetic disorder or choose characteristics of children?)

1.5 There are still many questions to answer in biology. How are memories stored in the brain?

1.5 How are memories stored in the brain? How do viruses mutate? Does life exist on planets other than Earth?