Video Clips 1-4 United Streaming ECOSYSTEM NOTES Video Clips 1-4 United Streaming

THREATS TO BIODIVERSITY H.I.P.P.O. THREATS TO BIODIVERSITY Habitat Loss Introduced Species Population Growth Population activites Overconsumption

What makes invasive species so successful? Lack of competition Lack of predators New and abundant resources Fill a new “niche” Show United Streaming Clip 5

Show united streaming clip 6 EXAMPLES OF NICHES Show united streaming clip 6

Can a species’ niche be influenced by competition? EXPERIMENT RESULTS What effect will the removal of Balanus have on Chthamalus? ? High tide Chthamalus High tide Ocean Ocean Balanus Low tide Low tide CONCLUSION

Fundamental? Realized?

FUNDAMENTAL NICHES - WHERE AN ORGANISM CAN LIVE REALIZED NICHES – WHERE AN ORGANISM ACTUALLY LIVES

Section 2.1 Summary – pages 35 - 45 Studying nature natural history --the study of plants and animals, including where they grow and live, what they eat, or what eats them These data reflect the status or health of the world in which you live and ultimately you. Section 2.1 Summary – pages 35 - 45

Section 2.1 Summary – pages 35 - 45 What is ecology? Branch of biology that developed from natural history Study of interactions that take place between organisms and their environment Section 2.1 Summary – pages 35 - 45

Section 2.1 Summary – pages 35 - 45 Ecological research includes using descriptive and quantitative methods – measurement and observation Section 2.1 Summary – pages 35 - 45

Section 2.1 Summary – pages 35 - 45 biosphere -portion of Earth that supports living things The Biosphere high in the atmosphere to the bottom of the oceans Organisms affected by both the physical or nonliving environment and by other living things Section 2.1 Summary – pages 35 - 45

Section 2.1 Summary – pages 35 - 45 Abiotic factors nonliving parts of an organism’s environment effects on living things and often determine which species survive in a particular environment Examples: air currents temperature moisture light soil Section 2.1 Summary – pages 35 - 45

Section 2.1 Summary – pages 35 - 45 Organisms are affected by abiotic factors Food Production in Salt Bush 15 10 Food production (mg of glucose/hr) 5 10 20 30 40 50 Temperature (°C) Section 2.1 Summary – pages 35 - 45

Section 2.1 Summary – pages 35 - 45 Biotic factors All the living organisms that inhabit an environment. living organisms affect other living organisms All organisms depend on others directly or indirectly for food, shelter, reproduction or protection Section 2.1 Summary – pages 35 - 45

Section 2.1 Summary – pages 35 - 45 Levels of Organization Ecologists study individual organisms, interactions among organisms of same species, interactions among organisms of different species, effects of abiotic factors on interacting species Levels of organization: organisms populations communities ecosystems Section 2.1 Summary – pages 35 - 45

Section 2.1 Summary – pages 35 - 45 Organism An individual living thing that is made of cells, uses energy, reproduces, responds, grows, and develops. Section 2.1 Summary – pages 35 - 45

Section 2.1 Summary – pages 35 - 45 Interactions within populations A population - a group of organisms, all of the same species, which interbreed and live in the same area at the same time Section 2.1 Summary – pages 35 - 45

Section 2.1 Summary – pages 35 - 45 Interactions within populations may compete with each other for resources food, water, mates, or other Competition always occurs whether in short supply or not Section 2.1 Summary – pages 35 - 45

Section 2.1 Summary – pages 35 - 45 Interactions within communities Several different populations make up a biological community interacting in a certain area at a certain time Section 2.1 Summary – pages 35 - 45

Section 2.1 Summary – pages 35 - 45 Interactions within communities A change in one population in a community may cause changes in the other populations. can be minor EX: a small increase in number of individuals of one population causes a small decrease in size of another population can be more extreme Ex: when size of one population grows so large it begins affecting food supply for another species Section 2.1 Summary – pages 35 - 45

Section 2.1 Summary – pages 35 - 45 Ecosystem Populations of plants and animals that interact with each other in a given area and with the abiotic components of that area. Includes both biotic and abiotic factors Section 2.1 Summary – pages 35 - 45

Section 2.1 Summary – pages 35 - 45 Two major kinds of ecosystems— terrestrial ecosystems and aquatic Table 2.1 Examples of Ecosystems Aquatic Ecosystems Other Sites for Ecosystems Terrestrial Ecosystems Forest Old farm field Meadow Yard Garden plot Empty lot Compost heap Volcano site Rotting log Freshwater Pond Lake Stream Estuary Salt water (marine) Ocean Aquarium Human body Skin Intestine Mouth Buildings Mold in walls, floors, or basement Ventilation systems Bathrooms Food Any moldy food Refrigerator Section 2.1 Summary – pages 35 - 45

Section 2.1 Summary – pages 35 - 45 Freshwater ecosystems include ponds, lakes, and streams. Salt content less than 3% Section 2.1 Summary – pages 35 - 45

Section 2.1 Summary – pages 35 - 45 Marine or Saltwater Salt content 3-7% make up approximately 70% of Earth’s surface. Section 2.1 Summary – pages 35 - 45

Section 2.1 Summary – pages 35 - 45 Organisms in Ecosystems Habitat place where an organism lives out its life Supplies food, water, shelter Supplies its needs Section 2.1 Summary – pages 35 - 45

Section 2.1 Summary – pages 35 - 45 Organisms in Ecosystems Habitats can change, and even disappear due to both natural and human causes. Section 2.1 Summary – pages 35 - 45

Section 2.1 Summary – pages 35 - 45 Niche Several species may share a habitat resources are often used in different ways A niche the role or position a species has in its environment how it meets its specific needs for food and shelter how and where it survives where it reproduces in its environment Section 2.1 Summary – pages 35 - 45

Section 2.1 Summary – pages 35 - 45 Niche includes all of a species’ interactions with the biotic and abiotic parts of its habitat Exclusionary Principle Two species can’t exist for long in the same community if their niches are the same There must be a variation Adapt, move or die/extinct Section 2.1 Summary – pages 35 - 45

Section 2.1 Summary – pages 35 - 45 Symbiosis relationship in which there is a close and permanent association between organisms of different species Symbiosis means living together. Three kinds Mutualism Commensalism parasitism Section 2.1 Summary – pages 35 - 45

Section 2.1 Summary – pages 35 - 45 Mutualism both species benefit Section 2.1 Summary – pages 35 - 45

Section 2.1 Summary – pages 35 - 45 Commensalism Commensalism one species benefits and the other species is neither harmed nor benefited Section 2.1 Summary – pages 35 - 45

Section 2.1 Summary – pages 35 - 45 Parasitism harmful to one species, yet beneficial to another. a member of one species derives benefit at the expense of another species (the host) Section 2.1 Summary – pages 35 - 45

Section 2.1 Summary – pages 35 - 45 Parasitism Parasites have evolved in such a way that they harm, but usually do not kill the host species. Section 2.1 Summary – pages 35 - 45

Section 2.1 Summary – pages 35 - 45 Parasitism A predator is a type of consumer. Predators seek out and eat other organisms. Section 2.1 Summary – pages 35 - 45

Section 2.1 Summary – pages 35 - 45 Parasitism Predation found in all ecosystems includes organisms that eat other Prey - The animals that predators eat Section 2.1 Summary – pages 35 - 45

Question 1 A. abiosis B. symbiosis C. ecology D. biology The study of interactions that take place between organisms and their environment is __________. A. abiosis B. symbiosis C. ecology D. biology Section 1 Check

Question 2 A. ozone layer B. maria C. the Sun D. constellation Orion Which of the following is found in the biosphere? A. ozone layer B. maria C. the Sun D. constellation Orion Section 1 Check

Question 3 A. moisture B. soil C. earthworm D. light Which of the following is a biotic factor? A. moisture B. soil C. earthworm D. light Section 1 Check

Question 4 A. biological community B. population C. ecosystem A(n) __________ is a group of organisms, all of the same species, which interbreed and live in the same place at the same time. A. biological community B. population C. ecosystem D. habitat Section 1 Check