Chapter 26 The New Power Balance

Warm Up 1.Leader of the Zulu kingdom that will dominate Africa until the Europeans arrive 2.Why is there a renewed interest in Egypt? 3.Why does Livingstone explore Africa? 4.Why do the Sepoy rebel? 5.Set up in 1885 in India 6.How does Britain still control India? 7.Why does Britain have an interest in South Africa?

 I. New Technologies and the World Economy –A. Railroads –1850 railroads were a success in Britain, France, Germany, Canada, Russia, Japan, and the US –Non industrialized nations: built railroads for government and business use –Railroads opened new land to agriculture, mining, and other natural resources

–B. Steamships and Telegraph Cables –Iron and steel now used for hulls, propellers, and engines –Impact: iron and steel shipbuilding made it possible to increase average size and speed of oceangoing vessels –Telegraph cables were now put underwater to coordinate movements of ships

–C. Steel and Chemical Industries –Steel is a form of iron and is both hard and elastic –Before the ind rev only small groups of specialized workers could make steel –Now steel can be mass produced cheaply –1866 Swedish scientist Alfred Nobel found a way to turn nitroglycerin into a stable solid form—dynamite –Dynamite can now be used in mining, military, and construction of railroads and canals –(Nobel Prizes?)

–D. Electricity –By the 1870s cities could now be powered by electricity –Electricity created a huge demand for copper –Electric streetcars, subways, and electric motors

–E. World Trade and Finance –By 1913 shipping costs were cut in half. –Now people could ship cheap, heavy products like grain, raw materials, and machinery  II. Social Changes –A. Urbanization and Urban Environments –By % of British people lived in the cities –Railroads allowed people to live further apart and rely on a predictable schedule –Governments now provided: police, fire, schooling, building and health inspectors, garbage removal and parks

–Coal was main fuel and worsened air quality –Coal produced fog and coated things with filth and dirt –Horse drawn carts are replaced by street cars and automobiles –Horses no longer have to be cared for and electricity does not create waste

–C. Middle Class Women’s “Separate Sphere” –Victorian Age: ( ) rules of behavior and ideology surrounding relations between men and women. Men and women were thought to belong to “separate spheres” –Men are seen in the workplace –Women are expected to be at home –Middle class women were expected to raise the children –Society frowned on working middle class women; only allowed to be teachers

–D. Working Class Women –Domestic servants facing long hours and abuse from masters –Married women were expected to be at home raising the children –Married women could contribute to the family income by taking in boarders, sewing, or washing other people’s clothes –Pg. 747 men and women’s duty –Young women worked in factories with poor pay in the textiles and clothing trades

 III. Socialism and Labor Movements –A. Marx and Socialism  Karl Marx wrote Communist Manifesto in 1848  History is clashes between social classes  Hated capitalism and against private property  He believed that all of world history was a “history of class struggles”  Marx’s society: Wanted a classless society in which gov’t would no longer be needed and capitalism would collapse

–B. Labor Movements –Unions brought better wages, improved working conditions, and insurance –19th century all male received right to vote; women were not welcomed

 IV. Nationalism and the Rise of Italy, Germany, and Japan –A. Language and National Identity in Europe –Public education, universal military service, and colonial conquests brought about nationalism –B. The Unification of Italy –Victor Emmanuel headed the unification of Italy in 1860

–C. The Unification of Germany –Otto von Bismark unifies Germany through the Franco-Prussian War –Bismarck works to keep Germany from becoming a democracy –Bismarck viewed France as a threat and his greatest fear was that France and Russia would form a military alliance –Made alliances with Austria-Hungary, Russia, and Italy to protect against this, was also on good terms with Great Britain –Emperor Wilhelm II comes to power in 1888

–D. The West Challenges Japan –Japanese foreign policy: –The Tokugawa shogunate had driven out all foreign traders and missionaries, isolating the nation from almost all contact with the outside world –Maintain relations with Korea and informal trading with the Dutch at Nagasaki –Foreign ships are driven away and shipwrecked sailors are caged –The Western powers see Japanese isolation as a challenge –Want to open up Japan for trade

–The first to succeed is the United States –1853 an American fleet of four warships under the leadership of Commodore Matthew Perry arrives in Tokyo Bay –Perry brings a letter from President Fillmore  Asks for better treatment of sailors shipwrecked on the Japanese islands –Perry returns a few months later with a larger fleet for Japan’s answer

–Shogunate officials were undecided, but the gun power of Commodore Perry’s ships finally decides the answer –Japan agrees to sign the Treaty of Kanagawa under military pressure –Provides the return of shipwrecked sailors –Opens ports to Western traders and establishes a U.S. consulate in Japan –Also establishes extraterritoriality for Westerners in Japan

Japanese Play

 The Meji Restoration and Modernization of Japan –The decision to open relations is highly unpopular and many Japanese found the treaties deeply humiliating –Angry over Westerners committing crimes and receiving mild to no punishments (extraterritoriality) –Gave rise to Japanese nationalism

–Many Japanese people resented the way the shogun gave in to Western demands –They demand that the shogun resign  Attack the shogun’s palace in 1868 –Ends the military control of the Japanese gov’t –Proclaim the authority of the emperor has been restored

–E. The Meiji Restoration and the Modernization of Japan –Young emperor Mutsuhito takes back power of the gov’t in 1868, ending the shogunate system –He takes the name Emperor Meiji, enlightened ruler –The emperor realizes that Japan must change to survive –Embarks on a policy of reform to turn Japan into a modern industrial nation

The Rulers Set the Tone with Western Dress Emperor Meiji Empress Haruko ( )

–Meiji Reforms: –A group of Japanese officials made a two year journey, traveling to the U.S. and Europe –Wanted to learn about Western society, military practices, and economics –Gives subsidies to industries starting off  Gov’t encourages the development of new industries by providing business people with money and privileges –Set up a postal service and established a national currency

 Required all children to attend school and allowed some students to study abroad  Need modern forces to compete with the Western powers –Compulsory military service – all men serve for three years –Gain modern weapons and hire American and European experts to train the new modernized army –Adopt Western military practices

–F. Nationalism and Social Darwinism –Survival of the fittest now applies to nations—Social Darwinism –The best nation (race) wins –If you are able to conquer people, then you should be able to, survival of the fittest also applies to nations –Europeans are superior to other peoples –“the path of progress is strewn with the wrecks of nations; traces are everywhere to be seen of the slaughtered remains of inferior races”

 V. Great Powers of Europe—Germany, France, Great Britain, Russia, and Austria Hungary –A. Germany –Germany formed coalition with Austria Hungary and Russia –Wilhelm II dismissed Bismark and looked for colonies –B. Russia and Austria-Hungary –Austria Hungary separated from Russia to form independent nation –Russian economy was controlled by the state; middle class did not benefit from industrialism –Tsar Nicolas introduced the Duma with a constitution and a parliament

 VI. China, Japan, and the Western Powers –A. China in Turmoil –China is hurt by Taiping Rebellion and being taken advantage of in trade by Europeans –B. Japan Confronts China –Japan helped China put down the Boxer Rebellion

–Boxer Rebellion: –One group was called the Boxers = popular name given to members of a secret organization called the Society of Harmonious Fists –They were upset by the foreign takeover of their country –Especially disliked foreign missionaries and Chinese converts – saw them as threats to Chinese traditions

–Beginning of 1900, Boxers killed missionaries and converts, along with foreign businessmen –Britain, France, Germany, Russia, Japan, and the U.S. attack Beijing –They end the rebellion and restore order –Left the gov’t even weaker –In the end, internal problems and the European advance into China proved to be the undoing of the Qing

Foreign Troops in China

–Russo-Japanese War—Japan defeats Russia –War with Russia caused by competition over influence in Manchuria and Korea –Japanese forces move into Manchuria and defeat Russian troops there –Japan conquered Manchuria and Korea making it an imperial power

Newspaper Cartoon, 1870s? Enlightened Half-Enlightened Un-Enlightened

The Japanese Became Obsessed with Western Styles Civilization and Enlightenment!

Everything Western Was Fashionable!

Japanese soldiers with their wives.