M+P – consulting engineers Müller-BBM group Acoustics Noise and vibration control Air quality Air Quality alongside motorways Air Quality alongside motorways Part 1 Gijsjan van Blokland PhD, Sr. Consultant M+P Lotje van Ooststroom, Rijkswaterstaat (IPL)

Air Quality alongside motorways Content 1.Air quality and health 2.Air quality in the Netherlands 3.Air quality and legislation 4.Source description and propagation process 5.Measurements procedures 6.Measures 7.Future developments

Air Quality alongside motorways

Air Quality alongside motorways air polluting elements emitted by road traffic Simple gasses: NO x =(NO+NO2); Complex molecules: VOS en PAK’s Particles: PM 10-2,5, PM 2,5, PM 1

Air Quality alongside motorways health effects air pollution ▪Lung diseases COPD ▪Asthma and bronchitis ▪Heart and vascular diseases

Air Quality alongside motorways Health effect defined in Disability Adjusted Life Years (DALY) DALY is the number of lost healthy life years in the Netherlands population. It represents the weighted sum of: ▪the number of affected persons ▪the severity of the disease ▪the amount of lost healthy life years

Air Quality alongside motorways % in leven Bereikte leeftijd

Air Quality alongside motorways DALY´s related to environmental pollution

Air Quality alongside motorways Content 1.Air quality and health 2.Air quality in the Netherlands 3.Air quality and legislation 4.Source description and propagation process 5.Measurements procedures 6.Measures 7.Future developments

Air Quality alongside motorways Remote sensing of NOX concentration in W-Europe.

Air Quality alongside motorways NOX and PM10 in NL in 2008

Air Quality alongside motorways Yearly averaged PM10 concentration

M+P – consulting engineers Müller-BBM group Acoustics Noise and vibration control Air quality Air Quality alongside motorways

Air Quality alongside motorways bron: Milieubalans, PBL, 2008 Example of NO2 pattern in city Origin of contributions to local air pollution

Air Quality alongside motorways Content 1.Air quality and health 2.Air quality in the Netherlands 3.Air quality and legislation 4.Source description and propagation process 5.Measurements procedures 6.Measures 7.Future developments

Air Quality alongside motorways Limit values in European Directive Maximum annual average Maximum days exceeding limit value Maximum hours exceeding limit value NO 2 40 µg/m 3 Max 18 hours/year 200 µg/m 3 PM µg/m 3 Max 35 days/year >50 µg/m 3

Air Quality alongside motorways Limits have to be enforced in % achievement of limits not possible. Therefore enforcement not possible. Derogation procedure in the EU: -delayed enforcement of the limit values until combined effect of measures defined in a national coordinated air quality program (NSL) will satisfy limit values in small worsening allowed (3%) in order not to block essential improvements in the road network of housing construction.

Air Quality alongside motorways Content 1.Air quality and health 2.Air quality in the Netherlands 3.Air quality and legislation 4.Source description and propagation process 5.Measurements procedures 6.Measures 7.Future developments

Air Quality alongside motorways bron: CE, Bron van inspiratie, 2005

Air Quality alongside motorways Exhaust emission Tyres + brakes + road surfaces Background Deposition Resuspension Transport to boundary layer Sources and local propagation of PM10

Air Quality alongside motorways NO 2 Background Exhaust emission NO and O 3  NO 2 Behind barrier Transport to boundary layer Sources and local propagation of NOX

Air Quality alongside motorways Vehicle specific emission is very complex example of NOX emission of three EURO 3 vehicles as a function of engine speed and engine load

Air Quality alongside motorways NOX emission of HDV as a function of speed, EURO 0  EURO 5 Source: Pischinger et al, Update of the emission functions for heavy duty vehicles in the handbook Emission factors road traffic, Bericht nr. Pi-55/01 d.d Graz University of Technology

Air Quality alongside motorways PM10 emission of average HDV as a function of speed, EURO 0  EURO 5

Air Quality alongside motorways Introduction of EURO classes

Air Quality alongside motorways exhaust -tyre -brake -clutch road surface emission cumulation: road surface wear / brakes / tyres / salt / clay direct emission background indirect emission meteo influence Re-suspension deposition Emission and local propagation of PM10

Air Quality alongside motorways Frame work of immission determination

Air Quality alongside motorways Propagation is basically dilution by turbulent mixing Dilution described by Gaussian plume concentration in plume is given by exp(-x 2 ), width of Gaussian bell curve increases with distance

Air Quality alongside motorways Correct formulation, concentration of point source or line source at given distance x. Top: point source with emission Q, bottom: line source with source strength/m q

Air Quality alongside motorways Plume geometry is not always straightforward, meteo is very important!

Air Quality alongside motorways bron: Palmgren, 2003 Also local geometry is very important

Air Quality alongside motorways Additional complicating factor: main contribution to NO2 comes from conversion from NO+O3  NO2, reaction with limited speed

Air Quality alongside motorways Total emission of a traffic stream (NOX or PM10) E: total emission N: number of vehicles/24h fM: fraction of medium heavy vehicles fZ: fraction of heavy vehicles EL: emission of a light vehicle EM: emission of a medium heavy vehicle EZ: emission of a heavy vehicle

Air Quality alongside motorways Concentration at receiver E: emission per m length of road dW: length of road section number of vehicles/24h RB: distance from source to receiver σZ: vertical spreading coefficient z: height of receiver position C: correction for effect of surface roughness U: wind speed n: number of wind sections

Air Quality alongside motorways Simplified propagation calculation model (CAR)

Air Quality alongside motorways Emission factors for road vehicles IA; city-congested, IB: city-normal, IC: city-through road, II: regional road, III: highway

Air Quality alongside motorways Concentration calculation as function of distance from road. NOX concentration PM10 concentration