A New World of Many Cultures Unit 1: 1491-1607 A New World of Many Cultures Created by: Ellie Dinsmore AP US History 2013-14 Mr. Hoefler’s Teacher’s Aide 2014-15

Original Settlers in the Americas First people in North and South America came at least 10,000 years before Columbus Probably from Asia -> crossed on land bridge that once connected Siberia and Alaska (now covered by water) Over time, dispersed to all corners of continent Estimates of native population by 1490 = appx 50-100 million people

Cultures of Central and South America Native pop. concentrated in three highly developed areas: Mayans on Yucatan Peninsula Aztecs in central Mexico (Tenochtitlan as capital, with population equivalent to largest European cities) Incas in Peru -> vast empire Highly organized societies -> trade, scientifically accurate calendars, stable food supply (corn for Mayans and Aztecs, potatoes for Incas)

Cultures of North America Natives societies smaller and less sophisticated than those of Central/South America -> b/c slow northward spread of corn cultivation from Mexico A lot of societies disappeared by 15th century -> unclear why By time of Columbus, most lived in semi- permanent settlements in small groups ( > 300 people) Men -> making tools , hunting for game Women -> gathered plants and nuts, grew crops such as corn, beans, and tobacco

Cultures of North America: Language More than 20 diverse types of language families* Algonquian in Northeast, Siouan on Great Plains, Athabaskan in Southwest Together these 20 families included more than 400 languages *language family- group of languages related through descent from a common ancestor, i.e. English is part of Indo-European family

Cultures of North America Southwest Settlements Northwest Settlements Along Pacific coast -> Alaska to northern California Lived in permanent longhouses or plank houses Hunting, fishing gathering nuts, berries and roots Recorded stories on carved totem poles High mountain ranges -> isolated tribes and created barriers to development Southwest = region that now includes Arizona and New Mexico Farming with irrigation systems -> arid land Lived in caves, under cliffs, and in multistoried buildings -> used stone and masonry Faced challenges such as extreme droughts and other hostile natives i.e. the Hokokam, Anasazi, and Pueblos

Cultures of North America Great Plains Settlements Midwest Settlements Nomadic hunters -> buffalo, lived in tepees, Sedentary farmers & traders -> permanent earthen lodges along rivers, grew corn, beans and squash, trade Didn’t get horses until 17th cent. Migration = common i.e. Apaches and Lakota Sioux East of Mississippi River -> “Woodland American Indians” Rich food supply -> hunting, fishing and agriculture Permanent settlements (especially in Mississippi & Ohio River Valleys) One of largest settlements = Cahokia Adena-Hopewell -> woodland mound builders

Cultures of North America Northeast Settlements Hunting and farming -> farming techniques quickly exhausted soil Iroquois Confederation- political union between 5 independent tribes in NY Seneca, Cayuga, Onondaga, Oneida, & Mohawk Multiple families related thru mother lived in longhouses Atlantic Seaboard Settlements New Jersey south to Florida “Coastal Plains” Timber and bark lodgings along rivers Rivers and Atlantic ocean = rich source of food

Europe Moves Toward Exploration Improvements in technology -> Renaissance (rebirth of classical learning) -> gunpowder, printing press, sailing compass, improvements in ship building and mapmaking Religious conflict -> Roman Catholic Spain pushed Moors out of Europe, funded Columbus’ journey -> all signaled new leadership, hope, and power for RC Europeans Protestant Reformation -> “Church of England” split from Roman Catholic church -> added religious motive for exploration and colonization Protestant: Blue Roman Catholic: Olive Islamic: Red

Expanding Trade Needed to find new routes b/c Ottoman Turks seized control of Middle East Either go south along African coast or west across Atlantic Ocean Portuguese went south -> Vasco de Gama first to India 15th cent -> Portuguese started slave trade of W. Africans to use on sugar plantations -> very profitable Africans resisted slavery -> ran away, sabotaged work, revolted -> held on to their culture (music, religion, folkways) Developing nation-states -> countries in which majority of people shared common culture and loyalty to central government (i.e. Spain, France) Depended on trade for revenue, church to justify right to rule Used power to search for riches and spread Christianity (esp. overseas) Henry the Navigator of Portugal

Early Explorations 1492- Columbus gets financial backing from King Ferdinand and Queen Isabella of Spain -> landed in Bahamas -> didn’t find valuable trade route to Indies His voyages brought about permanent interaction between people from all over the globe Columbian Exchange – transfer of plants, animals and germs from both sides of Atlantic -> disease killed millions Spain and Portugal disagreed of who got lands -> Pope drew line of demarcation (which was later moved a little by Treaty of Tordesillas) -> Spain = west, Portugal = east

Early Explorations cont’d. Spanish dominance in New World -> power of conquistadores (i.e. conquest of Aztecs by Hernando Cortes, conquest of Incas by Francisco Pizarro) Increased gold supply by 500% -> Spain = richest and most powerful European country Encomienda system – Spanish king gives land grants and native fruits to individual Spaniards, Indians had to work as slaves on farms Asiento system -> Spanish had to pay tax to king on each slave they imported to Americas English claims -> based on voyages of John Cabot -> didn’t really do anything in 15th century b/c of religious drama (breaking away from Roman Catholic Church)

Early Exploration cont’d. England’s Roanoke Island colony venture literally disappeared French claims based on Jaques Cartier’s voyages -> slow to develop colonies b/c of conflict with Huguenots First permanent French settlement = Quebec in 1608 by Samuel de Champlain French explored and claimed Louisiana territory in late 1600s Dutch explorer Henry Hudson = Hudson River -> surrounding area became New Amsterdam (later New York) -> controlled by Dutch West India Company

Spanish Settlements in North America Florida- hostile natives and multiple failures, eventually established St. Augustine in 1565 New Mexico- Santa Fe est. as capital in 1610, harsh efforts to Christianize natives lead to Pueblo revolts, Spanish driven from area until 1680 Texas- attempted to resist French expansion down Mississippi River California- San Diego and San Francisco est. 1769 in response to Russian exploration of Alaska, series of “missions” (settlements) along coast by Franciscan order (religious)

European Treatment of Natives Viewed natives as inferior people to be exploited for economic gain, converted to Christianity, or used as military allies Spanish Policy- natives died of disease or were forced into slavery, a lot of intermarriage, rigid class system dominated by pure-blood Spaniards Bartolome de Las Casas- advocate for better treatment of Indians, got king to make New Laws of 1542- ended Indian slavery/forced labor, economienda system Valladolid Debate- Las Casas (above) vs Juan Gines de Sepulveda (Indians less than human) English Policy- initially, coexisted, traded and shared ideas, soon gave way to conflict and open warfare English viewed Indians as “savage,” Indians saw way of life threatened Took native lands -> made Indians leave instead of making them slaves

European Treatment of Natives cont’d. French Policy- maintained good relations, built trading posts to control fur trade -> traded with Indians Few colonies meant French were less of a threat to natives Native American Reaction- no unified response b/c saw themselves as distinct groups Initially, goods such as copper pots and guns motivated Indians to trade Violence and disease decimated native pop. Some allied with one European power or another Some migrated to new land