Emerging Powers in Agriculture and Food Security: “ Poverty Reduction ” and “ Land Grab ” ? Lecture 5 Source: This collection was collated by Xiuli Xu as teaching material on the Emerging Powers and International Development course at the Institute of Development Studies

Contents Comparatively understanding of agricultural development experiences in BRICS countries and its implication to low income countries Agricultural cooperation among BRICS countries, as well as between BRICS countries and low income ones Resource/Land grabs: the myth and the realities in agricultural investment originated from emerging powers

1. Comparatively understanding of agricultural development experiences in BRICS countries and its implication to low income countries Source: FAO

9/9/2015 Source:

9/9/ Comparatively understanding of agricultural development experiences in BRICS countries and its implication to low income countries Poverty and hunger still plague African continent, concentrating in the rural areas particularly (World Bank 2008:21). The poverty incidence in SSA remained virtually constant at 50 percent during , with the number of poor even doubling (Chen and Ravallion 2008). Africa’s impressive economic growth over the past ten years has not been accompanied with job creation and in the reduction of inequalities, indicating that structural transformation has yet to occur (UNECA and AUC 2012:8-15). Much of the recent growth is accounted by increased receipts from commodities; growth has not been broad-based and inclusive. Source:

9/9/ Comparatively understanding of agricultural development experiences in BRICS countries and its implication to low income countries Johnston and Mellor (1961): agriculture stimulated growth in non-agricultural sectors, contributed to the reduction of poverty and hunger, and supported overall economic well- being. China’s agricultural growth is estimated to have contributed four times more to poverty reduction compared to growth in both manufacturing and in services (Ravallion and Chen 2007; Ravallion 2009) Over the past thirty years, China, India and Brazil introduced radical economic and political reforms, which not only transformed the agricultural sector, but build up a dynamic industrial sector and to position themselves to become important players in the global economy. Source:

9/9/ Comparatively understanding of agricultural development experiences in BRICS countries and its implication to low income countries grain production for food security and the improvement of productivity has been at the top priorities of agricultural development. Upgrading of the agricultural value chain and the flourishing of the non- farm economy has been triggered in China's development process. The evidence-based policy-making and learning process has been positioned at the centre of the home- grown development approach in China's development trajectories. Source:

9/9/2015 Fan et al. (2010). China ’ s Agricultural and Rural Development: Implications for Africa, paper presented to China-DAC Study Group on Agriculture, Food Security and Rural Development, April

9/9/ Agricultural cooperation among BRICS countries, as well as between BRICS countries and low income ones Investment Centre Division of FAO (2009)

9/9/ Agricultural cooperation among BRICS countries, as well as between BRICS countries and low income ones There is currently much talk of the role of the 'rising powers' in Africa, and whether their engagements represent a 'new paradigm' in development cooperation. This IDS Bulletin(44.4) examines Brazilian and Chinese agricultural development cooperation in Africa focusing on different financial modalities, practices and politics of engagement, the 'encounters' that occur during negotiations, and the intersection of widerframing discourses with practices on the ground. Scoones, I., Cabral, L. and Tugendhat, H.(2013) China and Brazil in African Agriculture. IDS Bulletin 44.4

9/9/ Agricultural cooperation among BRICS countries, as well as between BRICS countries and low income ones Agricultural information system and enhancing agricultural technology cooperation and innovation among BRICS countries---(BRICS high-level policy dialogues, March 2010) Trilateral cooperations: e.g. current practices for reference (Tang, 2012) - India-Brazil-South Africa(IBSA) - Brazil Partnership Program - Japan Partnership Program Now China has initiated some trilateral agricultural cooperation along with DFID in African countries, like Uganda, Liberia etc. South-South Cooperation under FAO framework Bloc voting through WTO G20 at the WTO to provide a special safeguards mechanism for protection against a surge in agricultural imports in developing countries. Also read paper by Cabral, L., & Shankland, A. (2013). Narratives of Brazil- Africa Cooperation for Agricultural Development: New Paradigms?. Source: d.cn; ws.com.cn; 7.com

9/9/ Resource/Land grabs The myth and the realities in agricultural investment originated from emerging powers Some Background Over the past 12 months ( ), large-scale acquisitions of farmland in Africa, Latin America, Central Asia and Southeast Asia have made headlines in a flurry of media reports across the world. Lands that only a short time ago seemed of little outside interest are now being sought by international investors to the tune of hundreds of thousands of hectares. Cotula et al. (2009)

9/9/ Resource/Land grabs The myth and the realities in agricultural investment originated from emerging powers Cotula et al. (2009)

9/9/ Resource/Land grabs The myth and the realities in agricultural investment originated from emerging powers Case analysis: what are the trends and drivers, characteristics of land deals? Paper 1: Cotula, L. (2009). Land grab or development opportunity?: agricultural investment and international land deals in Africa. IIED. Paper 2: Brautigam D. and Zhang H(2013) Green Dreams: Myth and Reality in China’s Agricultural Investment in Africa. Third World Quarterly Volume 34, Issue 9:pp