Academician Sergey Vernov November, 1957

Joe Allen: According to Herb Sauer, a PhD candidate at the University of Iowa at this time, he was the first one to look at the record of returned Geiger counter values from Explorer-2. He saw the regular pattern of off- scale periods and commented that they had to be a result of system saturation when the satellite was in critical high counting regions, not a loss of signal due to bad transmissions. Later others looked at the records and agreed. Over the auroral zone and South Atlantic Anomaly, the sensor was exposed to so much radiation it saturated. This scene was a recreation involving the top persons from the department who worked on this experiment. From the left end of the table, going clockwise, they are: Carl McIlwane, James Van Allen, George Ludwig, and Ernest Ray. They posed for a commissioned painting of the scene. This image is from a photograph of the painting. The painting was given to Mrs. Mary Ray by NSF. Joe Allen: According to Herb Sauer, a PhD candidate at the University of Iowa at this time, he was the first one to look at the record of returned Geiger counter values from Explorer-2. He saw the regular pattern of off- scale periods and commented that they had to be a result of system saturation when the satellite was in critical high counting regions, not a loss of signal due to bad transmissions. Later others looked at the records and agreed. Over the auroral zone and South Atlantic Anomaly, the sensor was exposed to so much radiation it saturated. This scene was a recreation involving the top persons from the department who worked on this experiment. From the left end of the table, going clockwise, they are: Carl McIlwane, James Van Allen, George Ludwig, and Ernest Ray. They posed for a commissioned painting of the scene. This image is from a photograph of the painting. The painting was given to Mrs. Mary Ray by NSF.

Space (Radiation) Monitoring Data Center Vladimir Kalegaev Skobeltsyn Institute of Nuclear Physics, Moscow State University

Space monitoring data center (SMDC) Main Objectives Mission support Data collection Radiation monitoring and reliable analysis of current space radiation conditions (data + models +visualization) Structure Data center –Data bases –Computational cluster –Data Storage system SWX center Visualization center

Satellites in DB

Satellites in operation Meteor M1 Electro L1 Meteor M2 Relec Radiation monitoring!

Data access Table Figure File

Data involved Sun observations (SOHO, SDO, STEREO) Solar wind parameters (ACE) Particle fluxes in the magnetosphere (GOES, Electro L, Meteor M …)

Near Real-Time!

Data+models! R2O

3D-magnetosphere

Solar Wind Velocity Forecast

Dst Forecast

Relativistic electrons at GEO Forecast

Why we need it? Science Critical information to spacecraft operators Future mission planning

Technical Interchange Meetings Joint project of NASA and Roscosmos Radiation Environment and Risk Analysis At and Near the Lunar Surface Harmonization of approaches of USA and Russian space agencies to radiation safety during space flight

Main aims Harmonization of industrial and international normative documents on space radiation environment and space radiation exposure in the Russia, in US and worldwide. Description of the existing models of space radiation environment relevant to radiation protection for human spaceflight Development the new approaches that allow controlling and limiting of the risks of biological consequences of radiation exposure

Decisions Exchange of information about radiation safety during space flights Data sharing Models sharing Standards sharing Models validation and cross-comparison

Conclusions Space monitoring data center of MSU gives access to satellite data via Web-site SMDC provides real-time analysis of physical conditions in the near-Earth space based on data and models via Web-site