State of Higher & Engineering Education By Dr T.H.Chowdary Director: Center for Telecom Management and Studies Chairman: Pragna Bharati (intellect India ) Former: Chairman & Managing Director Videsh Sanchar Nigam Limited & Information Technology Advisor, Government of Andhra Pradesh T: +91(40) (O) ® F: +91 (40) Siddhartha Engineering College, Vijayawada: 15 Sept 2010

State of Higher & Engineering Education No. of Colleges No of Universities No of Students in ‘varsities No in distance education Degree Progs in Tech.Edu 25, mln 3.0mln1.4mln THC_CTMS2S449_Aug 2010

Enrollment in Universities India – 3 rd largest enrollment after USA & China Gross Enrollment Ratio (% of 18 to 223Y olds) India – 12.4; World Average – 25; BRIC – 37.2 BRIC: Brazil, Russia, India, China Between 1980 &2007, enrollment in Higher Education India- 5.39% ; China % Population in age group 18 to 23 Y is 2.0% P.A THC_CTMS3S449_Aug 2010

GER in India’s States Enrollment in states Delhi has the highest gross enrolment ratio (GER) in the country GER (in%) RankState/Union Territory2005 ( Actual)2012 (Target) 1Delhi Puducherry Uttarakhand Tamil Nadu Himachal Pradesh Meghalaya Andhra Pradesh Karnataka Manipur Maharashtra THC_CTMSS449_Aug 20104

GER in India’s States Enrollment in states Delhi has the highest gross enrolment ratio (GER) in the country GER (in%) RankState/Union Territory 2005 ( Actual) 2012 (Target) 11Sikkim Goa Gujarat Punjab Mizoram Madhya Pradesh THC_CTMSS449_Aug 20105

GER Target Y2010 Aim 15% GER by 2010-’12 enrollment should 7.5% (not 5.39%) UP, Bihar and MP would add 40% of the total work force but only 10% to GDP of India. Maharashtra, Gujarat, Tamilnadu and Andhra Pradesh will add 20% to work force but 45% to GDP THC_CTMS6S449_Aug 2010

Generation of Knowledge (1) THC_CTMSS449_Aug (Source: Business World, 23 Aug 2010)

Generation of Knowledge (2) THC_CTMSS449_Aug (Source: Business World, 23 Aug 2010)

Quantity But Not Quality India ranks high in numbers, but not in ability CountryAvailability of scientists and engineers Quality of mathematics, science education Quality of scientific research institutions Capacity for Innovation Finland12135 Japan Sweden33664 India US54826 Canada France Korea UK China THC_CTMSS449_Aug ( Source: Business World, 23 Aug 2010 )

Quality of Universities/ Colleges StateShare of Pop. Y 18 to 23 Share of Universities Share of Ranked good colleges Maharashtra Tamilnadu71015 UP1546 Andhra Pradesh 8710 W.Bengal866 Karnataka6610 Bihar75Nil Gujarat544 THC_CTMS10S449_Aug 2010

Quality of Our Research Share(%) in published Research papers between India -2.6 (13) ; USA-38.5 ; Japan -10.3; Germany-9.5; UK-8.6; China-3.9 (9) Citations for Research papers published India- 3.17; Switzerland ; USA ; Neterlands-11.7; UK-10.4 Ranking colleges/ among world’s 500 Technical Institutes India- 2; China-30 THC_CTMS11S449_Aug 2010

Knowledge Commission Target to add: 1500 Universities Teachers (Drs.; PH.Ds; Researchers) Investments Foreign ‘varsities China hosts US & US ‘varsities THC_CTMS12S449_Aug 2010

THC_CTMSS449_Aug Universities in Select countries *Suggest: Begin having a University for each District * Every Private Engineering College should be required to grow into a University within 8 years of wind up. Corporates to found.fund ‘Varsities’. In India we have 8.8 mln. or 5% of the young in the age group 18 to 23 yrs. in Universities

Engineering Colleges Engineering colleges 2,872 with 7,00,000 seats IITs & Polytechnics 7,605 with 10,00,000 seats A.P: Colleges: > 700; Seats- 277,000 All India: Colelgs-2,800; Seats- 700,00 In A.P: 20% colleges have only 1% or 2% pass; EAMCET qualified candidate 250,000 less than the 277,000 seats available For all of India’s engineering colleges there is a shortage of 56,000 Ph.D candidates and 82,000 M.Tech teachers JNTU-H has 300 colleges; 83 don’t have qualified principals 300 colleges don’t have minimum required facilities In 2009, 35% of seats in rural area engineering colleges were not filled THC_CTMSS449_Aug

Skilled persons in shortage (1) A machinist trained in an ITI earns his livelihood as DTP operator/welder/repairman… Hundreds of B.Techs/MBAs/MCAs applied for 2 peon-level jobs in Kolkata By 2013, there will be a short-falls of 750,000 skilled workers Serious shortages in mining, textiles, oil and gas, food processing etc. THC_CTMSS449_Aug

Skilled persons in shortage(2) China runs 4000 market-relevant short-term courses India has 2-3 year courses in 100 trades Over 60% of ITI –trainees are idling Corporate /Polytechnic partnerships Government offers interest-free loans to corporates adopting ITIs 721 ITIs were adopted corporates by since 2007 Toyota partners with 15. It trains 500 auto technicians/year THC_CTMSS449_Aug

Entrepreneurship (1) Jamshedji Tata around the end of 19 th and beginning of 20 th century : A steel factory at Sakchi which became Jamshedpur later. In 1907 Sri Frederick Upcott Chief Commissioner for Railways in India remarked about the Tata Steel Project: “ Do you mean to say that Tats propose you make steel rails to British specifications? While I undertake to eat every pound of steel rail they succeed in Making”. During the First World War, 1500 miles of steel rails were supplied by the Tatas. It helped the British empire to conquer Mesopotamia unto rail lines in Egypt, Palestine and East Africa. THC_CTMSS449_Aug

Entrepreneurship (2) The Indian institute of Science Bangalore Tat Institute of Fundamental Research, Mumbai Bhabha Atomic Research Center, Mumbai Tata School of Social Studies and Tata brand carrying about 100 companies on 100 different segments The latest is the Nano car purely indigenous in design, development, materials, production, testing and road worthiness. India’s IT companies and ICT professionals are creating intellectual property (IP) for foreign companies some of them located in India itself. THC_CTMSS449_Aug

Entrepreneurship (3) Unlike China launching and developing two global telecom giants Huawi and ZTE, India failed to produce any IP in telecom and IT and is importing about 40,000 cr worth of telecom & IT network equipments.. Engineers must have vision, qualities of leadership and talents in finance, marketing, formation promotion of human capital (HR) and public relations. We built reservoirs, irrigation systems, roads, astronomical observatories even while the rest of world was steeped in ignorance THC_CTMSS449_Aug

Entrepreneurship (4) Most importantly engineers must be aware of the great scientific technical literary and spiritual heritage of India – Bhaskar’s, Aryabhatta’s, Kanadha, Neelakanta, Varaaha Mihira, Sushruta, Charaka ; Valmiki, Vyasa, Kalidasa, the Kavithraya and Pothana of Telugu language. We must develop self-respect, self-confidence, and pride in our history and achievements building upon which we must create a prosperous, powerful, moral, intellectual and ethical India to become a Jagadguru once again. THC_CTMSS449_Aug

Building Bharat Prosperous Powerful Intellectual Ethical to become a Jagadguru once again 1200 million brains or mouths 7% of the land surface of the planet, 17% of world’s population Human resource or liability? THC_CTMSS449_Aug

Part-II THC_CTMSS449_Aug

THC_CTMSS448_Aug GALLOPING KNOWLEDGE By the time the child born today graduates from college, the amount of knowledge will be four times as great By the time he is 50, it will be 32 times as great And 97% of everything known in the world will have been learnt since that child was born The memorising of reams of facts will not be necessary; they will be quickly available on computers. Search engines like Google will get them for you in a second, But future man will need great wisdom if only to know what is it he wants If the paper so used can cover the earth’s surface six (6) times!

Power of Knowledge Knowledge will forever govern ignorance and people who mean to be their own governors must arm themselves with the power which knowledge gives – James Madison (Inscription at the entrance to Power of Knowledge the Library of Congress) Culture: Knowing something of everything & everything of something THC_CTMSS448_Aug

THC_CTMSS174_JAN What is Education (1/4) Education is a liberating force, enables the individual to rise form mere materiality to superior planes of intellectual and spiritual consciousness. Education gives us accumulated lessons of heritage to carry it forward to posterity. The past is our foundation, the present our material, the future our aim and summit. Each must have its due and natural place in a national system of education. – Sri Aurobindo

THC_CTMSS174_JAN We want that education by which character is formed, strength of mind is increased, the intellect is expanded and by which one can stand on one’s own feet. Education is the manifestation of the perfection already in man - Swami Vivekananda What is Education (2/4)

THC_CTMSS174_JAN Education is the process of individual mind getting its full possible development ……….It is a long school which lasts a life time - Dr. Zakir Hussain I firmly believe the efficacy of the education as a panacea for our social evils - Dr.B.R. Ambedkar What is Education (3/4)

THC_CTMSS174_JAN Education should address the problems of national development, particularly issues concerning self- reliance, economic growth, employment and social and national Integration. Education is visualised as an evolutionary force so that each individual is enabled to evolve from purely material consciousness towards superior planes of intellectual and spiritual consciousness - The Education Commission (1966) What is Education (4/4)

THC_CTMSS311_Sept0629 Vidya, great wealth….. Vidya nigoodhaguptamgu vittamu, roopamu purushaalikin Vidya yasassu bhogakari, vidya gurundu, videshabandhuvun Vidya visishta daivatamu, vidyaku saati dhanambu ledilan Vidya nripaalapoojitamu, vidyanerunganivaadu marthyude? - Barthrihari

BHARAT MAHAN! (Intellectuals estimate of India)‏ THC_CTMSS449_Aug

India is the only country which never invaded any foreign country “India conquered and dominated China culturally for 20 centuries without even having to send a single soldier across her border”. - HU SHIH, Former Ambassador of China to USA THC_CTMSS449_Aug

“We owe a lot to the Indians, who taught us how to count, without which no worthwhile scientific discovery could have been made.” -ALBERT EINSTEIN “In the whole world there is no study so beneficial and so elevating as that of the Upanishads. It has been the solace of my life; it will be the solace of my death”. -SCHOPENHAUER BHARAT MAHAN!

Bharat Mahan! World’s first Universities: Takshasila – 800 BC; 10,000 foreign students, 52 subjects Nalanda & Vikrama Sila

THC_CTMSS374_Feb0734 Bhaskaracharya (5th century AD) calculated the time taken by the earth to orbit the sun hundreds ofyears before the astromer Smart. Time taken by earth to orbit the sun: days. The art of Navigation was born in the river Sindh 6000 years ago. The very word Navigation is derived from the Sanskrit words NAV Gatih. The word navy is also derived from Sanskrit ‘Nou’ BHARAT MAHAN! : Science & Technology

THC_CTMSS374_Feb0735 Budhayana first calculated the value of pi, and he explained the concept of what is known as the Pythagorean Theorem. He discovered this in the 6th century long before the European mathematicians. Algebra, trigonometry and calculus came from India. Sridharacharya propounded quadratic equations in the 11th century. BHARAT MAHAN! : Science & Technology

THC_CTMSS374_Feb0736 The largest numbers the Greeks and the Romans used were 10 6 whereas Hindus used numbers as big as with specific names as early as 5000 BCE during the Vedic period. Even today, the largest used number is Peta: The place value system, the decimal system was developed in India in 100 BC. India invented the Number System. Zero was invented by Aryabhatta. BHARAT MAHAN! : Science & Technology

THC_CTMSS374_Feb0737 Sushruta is the father of surgery, 2600 years ago he and health scientists of his time conducted complicated surgeries like cesareans, cataracts, artificial legs, fractures, urinary stones and even plastic surgery and brain surgery. Usage of anesthesia was well known in ancient India. Over 125 surgical equipment was used. Deep knowledge of anatomy, physiology, etiology, embryology, digestion, metabolism, genetics and immunity is also found in many texts. BHARAT MAHAN! : Science & Technology

THC_CTMSS374_Feb0738 Ayurveda is the earliest school of medicine known to humans. Charaka, the father of medicine consolidated Ayurveda 2500 years ago. Today Yoga and Ayurveda are fast regaining its rightful place in our civilization. The earliest reservoir and dam for irrigation was built in Saurashtra. According to Saka King Rudradaman I of 150 CE a beautiful lake aptly called ‘Sudarshana’ was constructed on the hills of Raivataka during Chandragupta Maurya’s time. BHARAT MAHAN! : Science & Technology

THC_CTMSS374_Feb0739 “If I were to look over the whole world to find out the country most richly endowed with all the wealth, power and beauty that nature can bestow-in some parts a very paradise on earth - I should point to India. If I were to asked under what sky the human mind has most fully developed the choicest gifts, has most deeply pondered on the greatest problems of life, and has found solution of some of them which well deserve the attention even of those who have studied Plato and Kant - I should point to India. And if I were to ask myself from what literature we here in Europe, we who have been nurtured almost exclusively on the thought of Greeks and Romans, and of one Semitic race, the Jewish, may draw that corrective which is most wanted in order to make our inner life more truly human, a life not for this life only, but a transfigured and eternal life -- again I should point to India”. -MAX MULLER BHARAT MAHAN!

THC_CTMSS374_Feb0740 “If I were to look over the whole world to find out the country most richly endowed with all the wealth, power and beauty that nature can bestow-in some parts a very paradise on earth - I should point to India. If I were to asked under what sky the human mind has most fully developed the choicest gifts, has most deeply pondered on the greatest problems of life, and has found solution of some of them which well deserve the attention even of those who have studied Plato and Kant - I should point to India. And if I were to ask myself from what literature we here in Europe, we who have been nurtured almost exclusively on the thought of Greeks and Romans, and of one Semitic race, the Jewish, may draw that corrective which is most wanted in order to make our inner life more truly human, a life not for this life only, but a transfigured and eternal life -- again I should point to India”. -MAX MULLER BHARAT MAHAN!

THC_CTMSS374_Feb0741 “India was the motherland of our race, and Sanskrit the mother of Europe’s languages; she was the mother of our philosophy; mother, through the Arabs, of much of our mathematics; mother, through the Buddha, of ideals embodied in Christianity; mother, through the village community, of self- government and democracy. Mother India is in many ways the mother of us all”. -WILL DURANT BHARAT MAHAN!

THC_CTMSS374_Feb0742 “Whenever I have read any part of the Vedas, I have felt that some unearthly and unknown light illuminated me. In the great teaching of the Vedas, there is no touch of the sectarianism. It is of ages, climes, and nationalities and is the royal road for the attainment of the Great Knowledge. When I am at it, I feel that I am under the spangled heavens of a summer night”. -HENRY DAVID THOREAU

THC_CTMSS374_Feb0743 You cannot bring about prosperity by discouraging thrift You cannot strengthen the weak by weakening the strong You cannot help the poor by destroying the rich You cannot establish sound security on borrowed money You cannot keep out trouble by spending more than you earn You cannot build character and courage by taking away man’s initiative and Independence You cannot help men permanently by doing for them what they can do for themselves -Abraham Lincoln Instill this Wisdom

THC_CTMSS374_Feb0744 Dhanyawad: Thank You