BASS 2013: Fatigue Management Fatigue Management Practices in Business Aviation Kevin Gregory

BASS 2013: Fatigue Management The Flight Plan Fatigue is a safety issue Fatigue in business aviation Managing fatigue Fatigue management: case study Fatigue management practices

BASS 2013: Fatigue Management Fatigue is “an unsafe condition that can occur relative to the timing and duration of work and sleep opportunities” (Institute of Medicine, 2009) Got Fatigue?

BASS 2013: Fatigue Management The Fatigue Issue Operational Factors Time zones Length of duty periods Early report times Backside-of-the-clock Changing demands Workload Reduced rest Layover hotels Physiological Factors Acute sleep loss Sleep debt Circadian disruption Hours awake

BASS 2013: Fatigue Management ALERT ASLEEP Reaction time Memory Mood Vigilance Communication Judgment/ decision- making Fatigue: A Performance Issue

BASS 2013: Fatigue Management Fatigue in Business Aviation NASA Fatigue Countermeasures Program Survey of almost 1500 biz av pilots 61% common occurrence 85% moderate to serious safety issue 71% “nodded off” during flight 13% unable to fly scheduled trip due to fatigue 79% received no formal company training that addressed fatigue issues Rosekind, MR, Co, EL, Gregory, KB & Miller, DL. Crew Factors in Flight Operations XIII: A Survey of Fatigue Factors in Corporate/Executive Aviation Operations, NASA/TM–

BASS 2013: Fatigue Management Fatigue in Business Aviation Owatonna, MN: Hawker Beechcraft, 2008 –Factors: sleep loss, early start, insomnia Birmingham, UK: Challenger, 2002 –Factors: sleep loss, circadian disruption Hawaii: Rockwell Sabreliner, 2000 –Factors: long duty, multiple time zones, night ops

BASS 2013: Fatigue Management Science-based Policies/Practices (duty/rest) Education/training Mitigation Strategies Reporting & Monitoring Shared Responsibilities Tactical Fatigue Tools Fatigue Management

BASS 2013: Fatigue Management FRMS: Fatigue Risk Management Proposed as alternative means of managing fatigue in operations Science-based Data-driven Integrated into existing organizational safety and health processes Continuously improves: feedback, evaluation and modification

BASS 2013: Fatigue Management Fatigue Management: Case Study NY-based biz av operations Rotor, business jet Long, daytime operations (early AM reports) Backside-of-clock operations Some long-range ops

BASS 2013: Fatigue Management Fatigue Management: Case Study Objectives: –Better understand fatigue risks in operations –Better manage identified fatigue risks Science-based approach: –Data-driven –Objective/subjective data collection during ops (focus on sleep and performance) –Policies and practices review

BASS 2013: Fatigue Management Measuring Sleep/Performance in BizAv Ops Objective and subjective data collection –Quantify sleep and performance associated with operations –Include days on and off duty –Phase I: daytime ops/rotor wing (9 pilots) –Phase II: backside-of-clock ops/fixed-wing (7 crew members) –Identify fatigue risks; develop mitigation approaches

BASS 2013: Fatigue Management Actiwatch PVT Daily log Measuring Sleep/Performance in BizAv Ops

BASS 2013: Fatigue Management October-November Data collected up to 23 days -Goal: 7-8 flight duty periods (FDP) per pilot (total of 28 FDP) -Overall compliance high General information -Age ~50 yr; 27 yr flight experience -Fatigue ‘moderately’ an issue during typical duty day Measuring Sleep/Performance in BizAv Ops Phase I: Rotary

BASS 2013: Fatigue Management Flight Duty Periods -Average of 12.6 hr (range = hr) -Average ~7.9 flight segments per FDP -Flight segments: 15 min avg (max = 1.6 hr) -Break time on ground: 1.8 hr or more Measuring Sleep/Performance in BizAv Ops Phase I: Rotary

BASS 2013: Fatigue Management Measuring Sleep/Performance in BizAv Ops Phase I: Rotary D1 D2 D3 D4 D5 D6 D7 D8 D9 D10 D11 D12 D13 D14 D15 D16 D17 D18 D19 D20 D21 D22 D23 Local Time: Sleep/nap periods Flight Duty

BASS 2013: Fatigue Management Duty Sleep/Rest Measuring Sleep/Performance in BizAv Ops Phase I: Rotary

BASS 2013: Fatigue Management # of sleeps Sleep Latency (min) Total Sleep (hr) Sleep Efficiency Prior to FDP % After FDP % All days off % Measuring Sleep/Performance in BizAv Ops Phase I: Rotary

BASS 2013: Fatigue Management Measuring Sleep/Performance in BizAv Ops Phase I: Rotary

BASS 2013: Fatigue Management FDP: >12 hr, ~8 flight segments Mid-day break (2/3 had rest opportunity) Some successive duty days Sleep: 6.2 hr for days off Sleep: 5.1 hr when prior to FDP -early 5 AM wake time -evening ‘wake zone’ Measuring Sleep/Performance in BizAv Ops Phase I: Rotary

BASS 2013: Fatigue Management Sleep debt across duty weeks -during 2 FDP week: >2 hr -during 3 FDP week: >5 hr Performance -consistent levels overall -maintained across FDP -individual variability Strategies used -Caffeine (mostly coffee) Measuring Sleep/Performance in BizAv Ops Phase I: Rotary

BASS 2013: Fatigue Management

February-April Data collected for a period of 9-15 days -Days on & off duty: pre/duty/post -Collected: 32 FDP’s FDP info -FDP: 9 hr avg (range = 3-18 hr) -48 flight segments -Flight segments: 84 min avg (range = 20 min to 4.2 hr) -Ground transport time associated with FDP Measuring Sleep/Performance in BizAv Ops Phase II: Fixed-Wing

BASS 2013: Fatigue Management Measuring Sleep/Performance in BizAv Ops Phase II: Fixed-Wing D1 D2 D3 D4 D5 D6 D7 D8 D9 Time: Sleep/nap periods Flight Duty

BASS 2013: Fatigue Management # of sleeps Sleep Latency (min) Total Sleep (hr) Sleep Efficiency Pre-trip % Flight duty % Other/Away % Post-trip/Off % Measuring Sleep/Performance in BizAv Ops Phase II: Fixed-Wing

BASS 2013: Fatigue Management Daily sleep -Average ~5.8 hr during trip period -7 nap periods documented: Average ~90 min Cumulative sleep debt -Avg ~9 hr by trip end (max = 12.5 hr) Measuring Sleep/Performance in BizAv Ops Phase II: Fixed-Wing

BASS 2013: Fatigue Management Measuring Sleep/Performance in BizAv Ops Phase II: Fixed-Wing

BASS 2013: Fatigue Management FDP: 9 hr 6.8 hr for post/days off Sleep: 4.9 hr during trip -morning ‘wake zone’ Sleep debt builds up across trips Performance: consistency maintained Strategies used -Caffeine and exercise Measuring Sleep/Performance in BizAv Ops Phase II: Fixed-Wing

BASS 2013: Fatigue Management

Policies and Practices Review Flight ops and helicopter ops manuals Flight, duty and rest scheduling Education and training Fatigue mitigation strategies Healthy sleep Other

BASS 2013: Fatigue Management Policies and Practices Review Duty, flight and rest policies consistent with recommended guidelines Break/rest provision within max/extended duty Limitations on reduced rest periods Recovery rest following extended trip periods Call-in fatigue policy Risk assessment tool with fatigue factors

BASS 2013: Fatigue Management Fatigue Management: Case Study Daytime/rotor ops -Alternating FDP days allow for ‘recovery’ sleep opportunities -Mid-day break period -Strategies used Backside-of-clock/fixed wing ops -Blocks of days off prior to/following trip periods -Afternoon nap opportunities -Strategies used -Duty periods <10 hr

BASS 2013: Fatigue Management Fatigue Management: Case Study Include fatigue education and training in initial and recurrent training efforts Compensatory rest period for maintenance following extended duty Limits on consecutive duty days ‘Fit-for-duty’ policy Expansion of fatigue factors in risk assessment

BASS 2013: Fatigue Management Education/training implemented with subset of pilots –Baseline knowledge level = 66%; post-training = 89% Timing of tasks to facilitate sleep opportunities Consecutive day provisions Raised awareness/better rest management Fatigue Management: Case Study Implementation

BASS 2013: Fatigue Management Cultural change All aspects of operation (maintenance, dispatch, etc.) Ultra-long range Ongoing monitoring Best practices Fatigue Management in BizAv Ops Other Considerations

Thank you! Kevin Gregory