It's ELEMENTary, our dear Watson! Nelson W. Couch, PhD, CIH, CSP, Col-ret Triangle Health & Safety, Inc. Durham, NC (Adjunct Professor: UNC & NCSU) J. Daniel Bourland, PhD, DABR Associate Professor Dept of Radiation Oncology Wake Forest University Winston-Salem, NC

James E. Watson, Jr. l Quiet charisma, soft spoken, Southern Gentleman » “Jim” to his friends and colleagues “Dr. Watson” to his students l Quiet and unassuming, but very organized - he seemed to have a plan l BS and MS: NC State; PhD: UNC » 27 years on UNC faculty; many awards for his teaching, research and service l President national HPS to 1986 l Recipient of the North Carolina’s “Order of the Long Leaf Pine”, the highest honor awarded by the state of North Carolina to a citizen

James E. Watson, Jr. l Research: » Radon » Radioactive Waste » Dose Reconstruction l Teacher - Mentor, Coach » Emphasized practical, health protection approach » Always had time and eager to help » Encouraged and enabled achievement – HP & IH program » His students filled careers in industry, government, academia and military, Colleague & Friend

Incineration of Radioactive Waste C-14 H-3 Most incinerator licensing criteria held to 10% MPC top of stack

Atmospheric Meteorology ° ° ° Dry & Wet Adiabatic Lapse Rate Temperature ºC Altitude, meters Dry Adiabatic ~1ºC/ 100 m Wet Adiabatic ~ 6ºC/1000 m Inversion Superadiabtic Unstable: A, B, C Subadiabtic Stable: E, F Neutral: D

Visualization of Atmospheric Conditions Strong Instability Stable Stable - Inversion Stable below, unstable above Unstable below, stable above

Visualization of Atmospheric Conditions

…sometimes it gets a little strange!

Gaussian Plume Dispersion Model Y X Z h H zz yy (x,-y,0) (x,0,0) (x,-y,Z) T H = h + d(v/µ) 1.4 (1+ ) T  (x,y,0) = Q exp[-(y 2 /2  y 2 + H 2 /2  z 2 )]   y  z µ

Wind Rose (RDU) N NNE NE ENE E ESE SE SSE S SSW SW WSW W WNW NW NNW Average Annual Wind Speeds (m/sec) By Direction

Maximum Ground Concentrations N NNE NE ENE E ESE SE SSE S SSW SW WSW W WNW NW NNW (0.92) 700 m (0.89) 500 m (0.74) 700 m (0.74) 800 m (0.89) 700 m (2.32) 800 m (1.80) m (2.30) 600 m (1.70) 500 m (1.80) 500 m (1.20) 600 m (1.20) 600 m (1.10) 600 m (1.20) 800 m (1.40) m (2.20) 700 m (x  Ci/ml) H-3

Ground Level Concentrations (x  Ci/ml) H-3 N NNE NE ENE E ESE SE SSE S SSW SW WSW W WNW NW NNW GLC: 10 5 below top of stack; 10 3 to 10 7 below respective MPC Licensing criteria of 10% MPC top of stack too conservative MSPH: 1981 Won NC and HPS Std Awards

Beta Dosimetry Energetic Beta Holding vial for 5 minutes Finger/hand dose from uranium beta

TLD Thickness mm LiF-Teflon TLD mm LiF-Teflon TLD mm LiF chip mm LiF chip TLD chip

Beta Dosimetry Teledyne Isotopes TLD Reader Model 7300 Donated by Duke Power Panasonic TLD’s: LiF in Telfon Very Thin Gremlin in the Works 1 cm diameter 0.13 mm thick Supported by NIEHS

Extrapolation Chamber Standard Beta Sources NTIS traceable: Sr/Y-90; Tl-204, Tc-99 NEIHS prepared: Sr/Y-90; Tl-204, Tc-99, P-32 Electrometer capable of measuring A 3 cm dia active volume with 2.6 mg/cm 2 window

Extrapolation Chamber Ionization Current ( A) Chamber Depth (cm)

Extrapolation Chamber Ionization Current ( A) Chamber Depth (cm)

Extrapolation Chamber Ionization Current ( A) Chamber Depth (cm) di dx Slope = di/dx D tis (mrad/h) = S(1.9x10 12 )/  Note: 45 to 60 minutes per measurement

Beta Fingertip Dosimeter Thin flexible backing – like a “band-aid” Up to 4 LiF-Teflon TLD’s Thin cover to protect TLD’s Log Dose Depth ID Beta MDD: 40 mrem – low E 18 mrem – high E

Beta Fingertip Dosimeter l Range: » to 1.93 Rem/mo l Peaks: » 3.4 Rem in 1 day » 1.3 to 1.6 Rem in 9 to 14 days l Average: » ± rem/mo 40  Ci P-32 in an Eppendorf Tube measured 300 mRem/min PhD: other std’s earned MSPH’s NIEHS used until 3 yrs ago

Educational Life with Jim Watson “He was the Radiological Hygiene Program” Assistant Professor, Program Director 1977 Peterson’s Guides

Educational Life with Jim Watson Students Always First – Facilitated Education

Educational Life with Jim Watson Simplicity of Content, Demand for Excellence Grading Scale H95 – 100 P+90 < 95 P75 < 90 P-70 < 75 L60 < 70 F< 60 Very difficult to get an Honors, and yet with a personal touch.

Educational Life with Jim Watson The North Carolina State University Connection How did this ever work? l NC 54 – “swamp run” l Needed courses » Radiation Biology » Nuclear Engineering l Why? Respected former teachers » Drs. AW Waltner and DS Grosch l Why? Dr Watson made the Program work

Evaluation of a Water Immersible Ionization Chamber (MSPH) Duke Univ TZ Wong, F Bagne, PhD

Bragg-Gray Cavity Theory A Dual-Volume Parallel Plate Chamber

Irradiation Geometry Where is the measurement point for a parallel plate chamber?

Results: Satisfactory Characteristics Deformation of Active Volume Probable NC HPS Student Presentation; Oral Presentation, 1980 AAPM

A Finite-Size Pencil Beam Model for Three- Dimensional Photon Dose Calculations (PhD)

Dr. James E. Watson, Jr. Impact on students and their careers l Always start with first principles l “True scholar and a gentleman” l Simplicity of content, demand for excellence l Students always first l “10% of the nation’s health physicists” l “He was the Radiological Hygiene Program” “He was in the top three of the best teachers I have ever had….he was a true scholar and a gentleman.” (Don Tyndall, DDS, PhD, Professor - UNC Diagnostic Sciences and General Dentistry)

Any Questions?