A. Best and worst American civilization to 1900 Major events Industrial expansion, inventors and inventions Continuation of the Manifest Destiny Settlement of the West Railroad = symbol of grow = distribution system Rise of a labor unions Rise of immigration Rise of urbanization Political parties took no clear cut stand on issues Captains of industry were the political leaders laissez-faire systemcapitalism..protect a laissez-faire system and capitalism.. Countered socialismCountered socialism B. Examples of Corruption

3. James A. Garfied Republican Assassinated by an upset spoilsman--Charles Guiteau 4. Chester A. Arthur to Republicans Pendleton Civil Service Act--reformed the spoils system 5. Grover Cleveland to 1889 and 1893 to 1897 Only Democrat---Serves two terms but not consecutive Conflicts between business and labor. Formation of Labor Unions Haymarket Riot Pullman Strike Interstate Commerce Act Tariff of Benjamin Harrison to Republican Four major laws were signed during his presidency: Sherman Anti-Trust Act Sherman Silver Purchase Act McKinley Tariff Act Dependent Pension Act

Mark Twain Phrase penned by Mark Twain as satire for the way America had become.  The Gilded Age suggests that there was a glittering layer of prosperity that covered the poverty and corruption that existed in much of society.  Theme: The Coming of America reformed  It needed to be reformed.

The wealthy showed off their wealth and were snobbish and stuck up…….Ostentatious wealth or conspicuous consumption Time of corruption, scandals in local, state and national government. President Grant’s scandals End of Reconstruction and Jim Crow Era President Garfield’s assassination William Boss Tweed

1876 Presidential Tickets

1876 Presidential Election

total electoral votes, need 185 to win Election Tilden did not receive enough electoral votes. Special Commission gives votes to Hayes. Hayes wins the election Democrats refuse to recognize Hayes as President 1876 Election Tilden did not receive enough electoral votes. Special Commission gives votes to Hayes. Hayes wins the election Democrats refuse to recognize Hayes as President * *Disputed Electoral votes

 The election of 1876 and the Compromise of 1877 are referred to as the Corrupt Bargain.  The Democrats and Republicans work out a deal to recognize Hayes as President  In return, President Hayes must end Reconstruction and pull the Union troops out of the South.  Once this happens, there is no protection for the Freedmen and the South will regain their states and go back to the way it was. Rutherford B. Hayes Samuel Tilden

The Political Crisis of 1877  “Corrupt Bargain” Part II?

A Political Crisis: The Compromise of 1877

social reality.  After Reconstruction, 1865 to 1876, there were several ways that Southern states kept Blacks from voting and segregated, or separating people by the color of their skin in public facilities.  Jim Crow laws, laws at the local and state level which segregated whites from blacks and kept African Americans as 2nd class citizens and from voting.

 Sharecroppers were Freedmen and poor Whites who stayed in the South and continued to farm.  Sharecropping is primarily used in farming  Sharecropping is based on the “credit” system.

1. Poor whites and freedmen have no jobs, no homes, and no money to buy land. credit 2. Landowners need laborers and have no money to pay laborers. Based on a system of “credit” 4. Landlord keeps track of the money that sharecroppers owe him for housing, food or local store. 5. At harvest time, the sharecropper is paid. Pays off debts. If sharecropper owes more to the landlord or store than his share of the crop is worth; 6. Sharecropper cannot leave the farm as long as he is in debt to the landlord. 3. Hire poor whites and freedmen as laborers Sign contracts to work landlord’s land in exchange for a part of the crop. Received 30 to 40% of the harvest.

Sharecroppers Advantages  Part of a business venture  Raised their social status  Received 1/3 to 1/2 of crop when harvested  Raised their self esteem Disadvantages  Blacks stay in South  Some landowners refused to honor the contract  Blacks poor and in debt  Economic slavery

Sharecroppers

Sharecropping

social reality  The systematic practice of discriminating against and segregating Black people  Practiced in the American South from the end of Reconstruction to the mid- 20th century  Derogatory name for a Black person, ultimately from the title of a 19th-century minstrel song.  Goal  Goal: Take away political and constitutional rights guaranteed by Constitution: Voting and equality of all citizens under the law.

JC laws

Jim Crow Laws: Jim Crow Laws: segregated Whites and Blacks in public facilities became the law after Reconstruction: Used at the local, state levels and eventually the national to separate the races in schools, parks, transportation, restaurants, etc….Used at the local, state levels and eventually the national to separate the races in schools, parks, transportation, restaurants, etc…. kept Blacks, minorities and poor whites from voting and as 2nd class citizen status JC laws1

Poll Taxes: Poll Taxes: Before you could vote, you had to pay taxes to vote. Most poor Blacks could not pay the tax so they didn’t vote. Literacy Test: Literacy Test: You had to prove you could read and write before you could vote…. Once again, most poor Blacks were not literate. Grandfather clause: Grandfather clause: If your grandfather voted in the 1864 election than you could vote…..Most Blacks did not vote in 1864, so you couldn’t vote…. social reality

The Struggle for African American Suffrage 1865 Civil War ends Reconstruction begins 1870s Reconstruction ends. 1950s-1960s Civil Rights movement begins. 1900s-1940s Jim Crow laws prevent African Americans from voting Plessy vs Ferguson effected social equality for Black Americans from 1896 to 1960’s

social reality Plessy vs. Ferguson, 1896 Supreme Court legalized segregation throughout the nation. “Separate but Equal” as long as public facilities were equal“Separate but Equal” as long as public facilities were equal Problem: Black facilities never equal to White facilitiesProblem: Black facilities never equal to White facilities

The Civil Rights Act of 1875  Crime for any individual to deny full equal use of public facilities and public places.  Prohibited discrimination in jury selection. SHORTCOMING  SHORTCOMING  lacked a strong enforcement mechanism.  No new civil rights act was attempted or 90 years!

Legal Challenges

Voting Restrictions for African Americans in the South, ’s

South’s Backlash1 0 to to to to or more Lynchings

JC laws/map Segregated 1% of Blacks integrated Less than 5% integrated 25% or more integrated

South’s Backlash1 The right to vote was taken away from the Freedmen after Reconstruction

Reconstruction Ends There were five main factors that contributed to the end of Reconstruction. Corruption: Reconstruction legislatures & Grant’s administration symbolized corruption & poor government. The economy: Reconstruction legislatures taxed and spent heavily, putting the southern states deeper into debt. Violence: As federal troops withdrew from the South, some white Democrats used violence and intimidation to prevent freedmen from voting. This tactic allowed white Southerners to regain control of the state governments. The Democrats’ return to power: The pardoned ex- Confederates combined with other white Southerners to form a new bloc of Democratic voters known as the Solid South. They blocked Reconstruction policies. The Country: The Civil War was over and many Americans wanted to return to what the country was doing before the war.

Successes and Failures of Reconstruction SuccessesFailures Union is restored.Many white southerners bitter towards US govt & Republicans. South’s economy grows and new wealth is created in the North. The South is slow to industrialize. 14 th and 15 th amendments guarantee Blacks the rights of citizenship, equal protection under the law, and suffrage. After US troops are withdrawn, southern state governments and terrorist organizations effectively deny Blacks the right to vote. Freedmen’s Bureau and other organizations help many black families obtain housing, jobs, and schooling. Many black and white southerners remain caught in a cycle of poverty. Southern states adopt a system of mandatory education. Racist attitudes toward African Americans continue, in both the South and the North.

Quote by Frederick Douglass 1

Quote by Frederick Douglass 2

Two Different Worlds 1 extravagant lifestyles  The wealthy lived extravagant lifestyles and considered themselves elitists. caste system  The common people resented their snobbish attitudes and wealth. There was a caste system in the U.S.  millionaires ,800  1900, 90% of wealth, controlled by 10% of population.

Political Machine Organized group that controls a city’s political party Give services to voters, businesses for political, financial support After Civil War, machines gain control of major cities Machine organization: precinct captains, ward bosses, city boss The Emergence of Political Machines

The Role of the Political Boss May serve as mayor he: controls city jobs, business licenses influences courts, municipal agencies arranges building projects, community services Bosses paid by businesses, get voters’ loyalty, extend influence Immigrants and the Machine Many captains, bosses 1 st or 2 nd generation Americans Machines help immigrants with naturalization, jobs, housing Election Fraud and Graft Machines use electoral fraud to win elections GraftGraft—illegal use of political influence for personal gain Machines take kickbacks, bribes to allow legal, illegal activities

Corrupt political leader put New York City in debt Political boss Political boss 1851 elected to city council 1852 served in Congress Kept Democratic Party in power in NYC called Tammany Hall Formed the Tweed Ring Bought votes, encouraged corruption, controlled NYC politics

kickbacks  Received large fees for interests (*kickbacks) from the Erie Railroad  Tweed Ring milked the city with false leases, padded bills, false vouchers, unnecessary repairs and over-priced goods *Return of a portion of the money received in a sale or contract often illegal and corrupt in return for special favors.

 Exposed for his corruption by cartoonist and editor, Thomas Nast  Tweed Ring fell and 1873 Tweed convicted of embezzlement  Later Tweed was arrested on a civil charge and jailed in NYC, later died there

The Presidency as a Symbolic Office  Presidents avoided offending any factions within their own party.  3 assassinations 1865 to 1901  Grant presidency considered most scandalous in our history.  Impeachment of President Johnson  2 elections were corrupt.  Congress held most of the power and members of Congress took bribes.  Presidents avoided offending any factions within their own party.  3 assassinations 1865 to 1901  Grant presidency considered most scandalous in our history.  Impeachment of President Johnson  2 elections were corrupt.  Congress held most of the power and members of Congress took bribes.

Grant Administration Scandals  Grant presided over an era of unprecedented growth and corruption. * Credit Mobilier Scandal. * Whiskey Ring. * The “Indian Ring.” * The Salary Grab

Credit Mobilier Phony construction company owned by stockholders of Union Pacific Railroad. Hired Credit Mobilier to build the transcontinental railroad Charged the U.S. government nearly twice the actual cost of the project. Bribed Congress to stop the investigation. Largest scandal in U.S. history, and led to greater public awareness of government corruption.

Whiskey Ring A group of President Grant’s officials imported whiskey Used their offices to avoid paying taxes Cheated US treasury of millions. Salary Grab Congress gave itself a raise, $5,000 to $7,500 annually. Congressmen received a retroactive check for $5,000, plus their raise…… Became a political issue….Later repealed.

patronage  Under the Spoils System (patronage), candidates for political office would offer potential jobs in exchange for votes. –gave supporters access to money and political favors.  During the Gilded Age, the Republicans and Democrats had roughly the same number of supporters. –To keep party members loyal, candidates rewarded supporters and tried to avoid controversial issues. The Republicans  appealed to the industrialists, bankers, and eastern farmers. sound money  They favored the gold standard (sound money) and high tariffs  Blue laws, regulations that prohibited certain activities people considered immoral. The Democrats  attracted the less privileged groups.  such as northern urban immigrants, laborers, southern planters, and western farmers.  Supported soft money and silver coinage.

1880 Presidential Election

Assassinated by an upset Spoilsman. Led to VP Chester Arthur becoming president Supported a change to the corrupt spoils system. Pendleton Actthe Civil Service ActSigned into the law the Pendleton Act also called the Civil Service Act. Required candidates applying for government positions to a test to determine their qualifications.

President Rutherford Hayes  Elected in 1877  Reformed the civil service, appointing qualified political independents instead of giving positions to supporters.  Ended Reconstruction  No Congressional support or from the Republican Party.  Hayes did not seek a second term. President James A. Garfield  1880 election, Republicans were split into 3 factions. Stalwarts defended the spoils system—Senator Roscoe Conkling Half-Breeds reform but still supported it– Senator James Blaine Independents opposed the spoils system.  Garfield wanted reforms. His running-mate was Chester Arthur, a Stalwart.  July 2, 1881 Garfield was assassinated by a Stalwart who wanted Arthur as president.

1881: Garfield Assassinated! Charles Guiteau: I Am a Stalwart, and Arthur is President now!

Pendleton Act (1883)  Civil Service Act.  The “Magna Carta” of civil service reform.  1883  14,000 out of 117,000 federal govt. jobs became civil service exam positions.  1900  100,000 out of 200,000 civil service federal govt. jobs.

Arthur Reforms the Civil Service After the assassination, President Arthur was able to get congressional support for the Pendleton Civil Service Act. which created a commission of classified government jobs

President McKinley had just been re-elected in 1900 and beginning his 2 nd term when he was assassinated in 1901… VP Roosevelt became President. William McKinleyTheodore Roosevelt

total electoral votes, need 185 to win Election Tilden did not receive enough electoral votes. Special Commission gives votes to Hayes. Hayes wins the election Democrats refuse to recognize Hayes as President 1876 Election Tilden did not receive enough electoral votes. Special Commission gives votes to Hayes. Hayes wins the election Democrats refuse to recognize Hayes as President * *Disputed Electoral votes

 The election of 1876 and the Compromise of 1877 are referred to as the Corrupt Bargain.  The Democrats and Republicans work out a deal to recognize Hayes as President  In return, President Hayes must end Reconstruction and pull the Union troops out of the South.  Once this happens, there is no protection for the Freedmen and the South will regain their states and go back to the way it was. Rutherford B. Hayes Samuel Tilden

An economic belief supported by the U.S. that opposes the government regulating business. laissez-faire  In the late 1800’s businesses operated without much government regulation. This is known as laissez-faire economics.  Laissez-faire means ‘allow to be’ in French or the government stays out of you business. capitalism  Laissez faire supports our economic system of capitalism

Very Laissez Faire Federal Govt.  From  Govt. did very little domestically.  Main duties of the federal govt.:  Deliver the mail.  Maintain a national military.  Collect taxes & tariffs.  Conduct a foreign policy.  Exception  administer the annual Civil War veterans’ pension.

Economic system characterized by private property ownership Profit  Individuals and companies compete for their own economic gain (Profit)  Capitalists determine the prices of goods and services.  Production and distribution are privately or corporately owned.  Reinvestment of profits  Supports laissez faire

Economic system based on cooperation rather than competition government ownership  Believes in government ownership of business and capital  Government controls production and distribution of goods. laissez faire capitalism  Opposite of laissez faire and capitalism