Plant Defences.

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Presentation transcript:

Plant Defences

Plant Defences 1- First line of defense: Plant perimeter protection 2- Second line of defense: Chemical warfare - Terpenes General introduction to plant defense and attraction

Classes of plant defenses PHYSICAL DEFENCES Spines, thorns Cutins, waxes, suberins SECONDARY DEFENCES Terpenes

Physical Defenses

Stem spines Colletia paradoxa Leaf spines- Opuntia invicta Shoot spines- Dovyalis caffra Otherwise known as kei apple Drought tolerant

A closer look…

Why did spines often evolve in areas that are dry or in other ways “stressful”? Other roles - competition, camouflage?

Waxes, Cutins, and Suberins

Cutin, Waxes, Suberins Hydrophobic: having water-repelling properties These compounds are non-polar Fatty acids are one type of hydrophobic compound

Cutin composed of long fatty acid chains a major component of plant cuticle

PP13020.jpg

Cutin Plants’ cuticles often vary with the climate in which they live. Cactus cuticle Cactus cuticle

Waxes complex mixtures of long-chain lipids that are extremely hydrophobic. are synthesized by epidermal cells. exuded through pores in the epidermal cell wall by an unknown mechanism.

Suberin Also formed from fatty acids but has a different structure from cutin. A cell wall constituent.

Suberin often within roots. can protect against pathogens and other damage. older parts of roots more suberized endodermis has suberin side walls, water must pass through plasma membrane to get to stele

Suberin can form transport barriers between the soil and the roots

Secondary Compounds protect primary metabolism by deterring herbivores, reduce tissue loss. also attract pollinators and seed-dispersing animals. formed from the byproducts or intermediates of primary metabolism

Secondary Defences Secondary defence may be in place prior to an organism invading a plant, or as a result of the invading organism

Terpenes constituents of essential oils function as herbivore deterrents can be produced in response to herbivore feeding, and to attract predatory insects and parasites of the feeding herbivore.

Terpene functions Growth and development 2. As defensive compounds Toxins feeding deterrents to insects and mammals

Non-volatile terpenes - limonene apparently distasteful to herbivores PP1306a.jpg Non-volatile terpenes - limonene apparently distasteful to herbivores

PP1306b.jpg Volatile terpenes such as menthol broadcast a smell that warns herbivores that the plant is toxic to them before herbivore feeding commences.

Phytoecdysones are plant steroids (within the terpene class) that have the same basic structure as insect molting hormones and thus interfere with molting. These compounds sometimes cause death of the insect herbivore.

Terpenes such as pyrethrum (from chrysanthemums) and azadirachtin (from the Asian and African Neem tree) can be used as “natural” insecticides in agricultural practices or in horticulture.