Introduction To Wireless Sensor Networks

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Presentation transcript:

Introduction To Wireless Sensor Networks By : Prof.Manoj Kavedia SHMIT-Unr-3 www.kavediaSir.Yolasite.Com

Introduction Wireless Sensor Networks are networks that consists of sensors which are distributed in an ad hoc manner. These sensors work with each other to sense some physical phenomenon and then the information gathered is processed to get relevant results. Wireless sensor networks consists of protocols and algorithms with self-organizing capabilities.

Wireless Sensor Networks A wireless sensor network is a collection of nodes organized into a cooperative network. Each node consists of processing capability may contain multiple types of memory have an RF transceiver, have a power source (e.g., batteries and solar cells), and accommodate various sensors.

Example

Example- Smart Fluid Level Detection Integrates several technologies: Radio transmissions Sensor technology Magnetic inductance for power Computer used for calibration Impossible without the computer Meaningless without the electronics Capacitive sensor for fluid level 8-bit processor Contact less transmission of power and readings Inductive coil for RF ID activation & power CPU and reading coil in the table. Reports the level of fluid in the glass, alerts servers when close to empty Page 5

Wireless Sensor Networks

Layout

Communication Network A communication network is composed of nodes, each of which has computing power and can transmit and receive messages over communication links, wireless or cabled.

Basic Network Topologies Star Topology Ring Topology Bus Topology Tree Topology Fully Connected Networks Mesh Networks

Star Topology All nodes of the star topology are connected to a single hub node. The hub requires greater message handling, routing, and decision-making capabilities than the other nodes. If a communication link is cut, it only affects one node. However, if the hub is incapacitated the network is destroyed.

Ring Topology In the ring topology all nodes perform the same function and there is no leader node. Messages generally travel around the ring in a single direction. However, if the ring is cut, all communication is lost.

Bus Topology In the bus topology, messages are broadcast on the bus to all nodes. Each node checks the destination address in the message header, and processes the messages addressed to it.

Tree Topology In Tree Topology there will be a root node and the root node has two branches. Each branch may again contains branches and so on.

Fully-connected Network In a fully connected Network when additional nodes are added, the number of links increases exponentially.

Mesh Network Mesh networks are regularly distributed networks that generally allow transmission only to a node’s nearest neighbors. The nodes in these networks are generally identical. Mesh nets can be good models for large-scale networks of wireless sensors that are distributed over a geographic region.

Communication Network continue … A single network may consist of several interconnected subnets of different topologies. Networks are further classified as Local Area Networks (LAN), e.g. inside one building, or Wide Area Networks (WAN), e.g. between buildings.

Wireless Sensor Networks A wireless sensor network (WSN) is a wireless network consisting of spatially distributed autonomous devices using sensors to cooperatively monitor physical or environmental conditions, such as temperature, sound, vibration, pressure, motion or pollutants, at different locations.

Wireless Sensor Networks continue … The development of wireless sensor networks was originally motivated by military applications such as battlefield surveillance. However, wireless sensor networks are now used in many civilian application areas, including environment and habitat monitoring, healthcare applications, home automation, and traffic control.

Sensor Node Networks of typically small, battery-powered, wireless devices. On-board processing, Communication, and Sensing capabilities. Sensors Processor Radio Storage P O W E R WSN device schematics

Sensor Node continue … In addition to one or more sensors, each node in a sensor network is typically equipped with a radio transceiver or other wireless communications device, a small microcontroller, and an energy source, usually a battery. Sensors Processor Radio Storage P O W E R WSN device schematics

Introduction to Wireless Sensor Networks What are motes? Motes mainly consist of three parts:- Mote basically consists of a low cost and power computer. The computer monitors one or more sensors. Sensors may be for temperature, light, sound, position, acceleration, vibration, stress, weight, pressure, humidity, etc. The computer connects to the outside world with a radio link. 21 Introduction to Wireless Sensor Networks 21

Introduction to Wireless Sensor Networks Mica 2 Motes These motes sold by Crossbow were originally developed at the University of California Berkeley. The MICA2 motes are based on the ATmega128L AVR microprocessor. The motes run using TinyOS as the operating system. Mica2 mote is one of the most popular and commercially available sensors which are marketed by CrossBow technologies. MICA 2 MOTE Ref:http://www.xbow.com/Products/Product_pdf_files/Wireless_pdf/MICA2_Datasheet.pdf 22 Introduction to Wireless Sensor Networks 22

Introduction to Wireless Sensor Networks Telosb Motes Telosb motes have USB programming capability An IEEE 802.15.4 compliant, high data rate radio with integrated antenna, a low-power MCU There are also equipped with extended memory and an optional sensor suite 23 Introduction to Wireless Sensor Networks 23

Introduction to Wireless Sensor Networks What are motes? Motes mainly consist of three parts:- Mote basically consists of a low cost and power computer. The computer monitors one or more sensors. Sensors may be for temperature, light, sound, position, acceleration, vibration, stress, weight, pressure, humidity, etc. The computer connects to the outside world with a radio link. 24 Introduction to Wireless Sensor Networks 24

Introduction to Wireless Sensor Networks Mica 2 Motes These motes sold by Crossbow were originally developed at the University of California Berkeley. The MICA2 motes are based on the ATmega128L AVR microprocessor. The motes run using TinyOS as the operating system. Mica2 mote is one of the most popular and commercially available sensors which are marketed by CrossBow technologies. MICA 2 MOTE Ref:http://www.xbow.com/Products/Product_pdf_files/Wireless_pdf/MICA2_Datasheet.pdf 25 Introduction to Wireless Sensor Networks 25

Introduction to Wireless Sensor Networks Telosb Motes Telosb motes have USB programming capability An IEEE 802.15.4 compliant, high data rate radio with integrated antenna, a low-power MCU There are also equipped with extended memory and an optional sensor suite 26 Introduction to Wireless Sensor Networks 26

Introduction to Wireless Sensor Networks TELOSB MOTE Ref:http://www.eecs.berkeley.edu/~culler/eecs194/labs/lab1/telosb.JPG 27 Introduction to Wireless Sensor Networks

One Example Sensor Board - MTS310 28 Introduction to Wireless Sensor Networks 28

One More Example of Sensor Board - MTS400/420 Besides the functions of MTS 300, it mainly adds GPS functionality Further Reading http://firebug.sourceforge.net/gps_tests.htm 29 Introduction to Wireless Sensor Networks 29

Hardware Setup Overview 30 Introduction to Wireless Sensor Networks 30

Programming Board (MIB520) 31 Introduction to Wireless Sensor Networks 31

One Proposed WSN Functional Layer Decomposition Ref: Fig. 1.1 of J. Polastre Dissertation 32 Introduction to Wireless Sensor Networks 32

Architecture to Build WSN Applications Ref: Fig. 2.1 of J. Polastre Dissertation 33 Introduction to Wireless Sensor Networks 33

Sensor Node continue …

Sensor Node continue …

Sensor Network Mote Antenna Server Interface electronics, radio and microcontroller Soil moisture probe Mote Antenna Server Sensor field Communications barrier Gateway Internet

Computer Revolution Original IBM PC (1981) MICAZ Mote (2005) 4.77 MHz 16-256 KB RAM 128 KB RAM 160 KB Floppies 512 KB Flash ~ $6K (today) ~ $35 ~ 64 W ~14 mW 25 lb, 19.5 x 5.5 x 16 inch 0.5 oz, 2.25 x 1.25 x 0.25 inch

Sensor Network Server Watershed Sensor field Gateway Internet

Network Model for WSN A wireless sensor network consists of hundreds or thousands of low cost nodes which could either have a fixed location or randomly deployed to monitor the environment. The flowing of data ends at special nodes called base stations (sometimes they are also referred to as sinks).

Network Model for WSN continue … A base station links the sensor network to another network (like a gateway) to disseminate the data sensed for further processing. Base stations have enhanced capabilities over simple sensor nodes since they must do complex data processing.

Network Model for WSN continue … This justifies the fact that bases stations have workstation/laptop class processors, and of course enough memory, energy, storage and computational power to perform their tasks well.

Future of WSN Smart Home / Smart Office Sensors controlling appliances and electrical devices in the house. Better lighting and heating in office buildings. The Pentagon building has used sensors extensively. 42 Introduction to Wireless Sensor Networks

Introduction to Wireless Sensor Networks Biomedical / Medical Health Monitors Glucose Heart rate Cancer detection Chronic Diseases Artificial retina Cochlear implants Hospital Sensors Monitor vital signs Record anomalies 43 Introduction to Wireless Sensor Networks

Introduction to Wireless Sensor Networks Military Remote deployment of sensors for tactical monitoring of enemy troop movements. 44 Introduction to Wireless Sensor Networks

Industrial & Commercial Numerous industrial and commercial applications: Agricultural Crop Conditions Inventory Tracking In-Process Parts Tracking Automated Problem Reporting RFID – Theft Deterrent and Customer Tracing Plant Equipment Maintenance Monitoring 45 Introduction to Wireless Sensor Networks

Traffic Management & Monitoring Future cars could use wireless sensors to: Handle Accidents Handle Thefts Sensors embedded in the roads to: Monitor traffic flows Provide real-time route updates 46 Introduction to Wireless Sensor Networks

Usage of Sensor Networks Environmental Observation: Sensor networks can be used to monitor environmental changes. An example could be water pollution detection in a lake that is located near a factory that uses chemical substances. Sensor nodes could be randomly deployed in unknown and hostile areas and relay the exact origin of a pollutant. Other examples include forest fire detection, air pollution and rainfall observation in agriculture.

Usage of Sensor Networks continue … Military Monitoring: Military uses sensor networks for battlefield surveillance; sensors could monitor vehicular traffic, track the position of the enemy.

Usage of Sensor Networks continue … Building Monitoring: Sensors can also be used in large buildings or factories monitoring climate changes. Thermostats and temperature sensor nodes are deployed all over the building’s area. In addition, sensors could be used to monitor vibration that could damage the structure of a building.

Usage of Sensor Networks continue … Healthcare: Sensors can be used in biomedical applications to improve the quality of the provided care. Sensors are implanted in the human body to monitor medical problems like cancer and help patients maintain their health.

Usage of Sensor Networks-Health Care

The future is embedded, embedded is the future Why WSN-The Present.. According to forecasts, future of IT characterized by terms such as Disappearing computer, Ubiquitous computing, Pervasive computing, Ambient intelligence, Post-PC era, Cyber-physical systems. Basic Technology Embedded Systems Communication technologies The future is embedded, embedded is the future Page 52 52

Embedded System.. Embedded system: computing systems designed for a specific purpose. Embedded system = Processor + Communication device + Memory + I/O Embedded software is software integrated with physical processes Page 53

Cyber Physical Systems “(CPS-Cy-Phy)” Cyber Physical Systems are integrations of computation with physical processes.” [Edward Lee, 2006] Page 54 54

Cyber Physical System Cyber – computation, communication, and control that are discrete, logical, and switched Physical – natural and human-made systems governed by the laws of physics and operating in continuous time Cyber-Physical Systems – systems in which the cyber and physical systems are tightly integrated at all scales and levels Cyber-physical systems (CPSs) are physical and engineered systems whose operations are monitored, coordinated, controlled and integrated by a computing and communication core. “CPS will transform how we interact with the physical world just like the Internet transformed how we interact with one another.” Page 55

Why Cyber Physical System ? CPS allow us to add capabilities to physical systems By merging computing and communication with physical processes, CPS brings many benefits: • Safer and more efficient systems • Reduce the cost of building and operating systems • Build complex systems that provide new capabilities Technological and Economic Drivers • The decreasing cost of computation, networking, and sensing • Computers and communication are ubiquitous, enables national or global scale CPSs • Social and economic forces require more efficient use of national infrastructure. Page 56

Wireless Everywhere Yesterday- 15 years ago Today Voice Yesterday- 15 years ago Millions of wireless devices SMS Mobile TV Social Networking Wireless Internet WiFi Email You Tube Today Billions of wireless devices Page 57

Wireless Everywhere Tomorrow +15 years Trillions of Wireless devices Cyber Physical Systems Environment Health Care New Devices Internet of Things Energy People to People People to machines Machines to Machines Tomorrow +15 years Trillions of Wireless devices Page 58

CPS-Distributed Architecture in India GARUDA-Global Access to Resource Using Distributed Architecture GARUDA is India's first grid (Distributed) computing initiative, Developed and deployed by C-DAC with the financial support of Govt. Of India. It is an aggregation of resources comprising of computational nodes, mass storage and scientific instruments distributed across the country. Page 59

GARUDA Application Collaborative Classrooms Climate Modeling Computer Aided Engineering Disaster Management Medical and Health Care Open Source Drug Discovery Open System for Earth Quake Simulation Page 60

COMPUTER AIDED ENGINEERING Courtesy :www.garunda.in

Drug Discovery Open Source Drug Discovery (OSDD) is a CSIR-led global initiative Funded by Govt of India Develop drugs for tropical infectious diseases like malaria, tuberculosis, leishmaniasis, etc The OSDD method tries to collaboratively aggregate the biological and genetic information available to scientists for use to hasten the discovery of drugs This will provide a unique opportunity for the entire community of scientists, doctors, technocrats, students and others with diverse expertise to contribute/work for a common cause Such drug discovery applications have several components requiring huge computation power and data storage Statistics An estimated 3,70,000 deaths due to TB occur each year. This amounts to over 1000 deaths a day or 2 TB deaths every 3 minutes Courtesy :www.osdd.net

OSDD OSDD

Courtesy :www.garunda.in OSDD Courtesy :www.garunda.in

Latest – in CPS in India – Space Technology The Mars Orbiter Mission (MOM), informally called Mangalyaan, ("Mars-craft") is a Mars orbiter that was successfully launched into Earth orbit on 5 November 2013 by the Indian Space Research Organisation (ISRO). The mission is a "technology demonstrator" project aiming to develop the technologies required for design, planning, management and operations of an interplanetary mission. The Mars Orbiter Mission probe lifted-off from the First Launch Pad at Sriharikota, Andhra Pradesh, using a Polar Satellite Launch Vehicle (PSLV) rocket 5 November 2013. The launch window was approximately 20 days long and started on 28 October. The Mars Orbiter Mission is India's first interplanetary mission. If successful, ISROwould become the fourth space agency to reach Mars, after the Soviet space program, NASA, and ESA(European Space Agency). Page 65

CPS Community Activities High Confidence Medical Device Software and Systems (2005) (2007) (2011) High Confidence Software Platform for Cyber Physical Systems NSF: Workshop on Cyber Physical Systems NSF: Automotive CPS (2008) (2011) ARO: Security and Privacy of Cyber Physical System (2012) (2013)(Feb -2014) NIST: Cyber Security for Cyber Physical Systems National Workshop on Research on High-Confidence Transportation Cyber Physical Systems: Automotive Aviation & Rail New Research Directions in for Future Cyber Physical Energy Systems CPS Week (2010,2011,2012,2013)(Future- April 14 - 17, 2014) NSF (National Science Foundation) ARO(Association for Research in Otolaryngology) NIST(National Institute of Standards and Technology) Page 66

Presentation By Mr. Manoj Kavedia 67

Thanks for Listening Any Questions ?