Great Revolutions in Thought and Religion 1000 BCE – 350 BCE

Comparative Essay Compare how political turmoil led to intellectual and cultural creativity, during the period 1000 to 350 BCE in East Asia and South Asia

The World, c. 500 BCE Most revolutions in thought occurred near one of the four river valley societies. Mesopotamia Yellow River (Huang He) Nile Indus The Greeks & their mates

Generalizations Fringe regions develop on the borders of the river basin hearths Thinkers, teachers, prophets emerge from a world at war New types of political & social organizations emerge Cultural ideas develop into cultural identities “Second Generation” societies –Built on predecessors - tended to keep many original traditions

Commonalities of GREAT Revolutions Sanctified (Made Holy): –Time: sacred calendar, rituals, events like marriage –Space: shrines, pilgrimage sites –Language and literature; Sanskrit, Tripitaka, Torah –Art: art and music used to inspire religious feelings –Organization: membership makes you accepted

Religious Flagellants

CRISIS Each revolution in thought occurred at a time of crisis –Iron tools made armies more powerful –Old societies disintegrating China - Period of Warring States –Zhou regime fractured –Huge competing Chinese armies –Population rising India – Invasion! –Aryans moved into India assimilating much of native population Greece – Unrest/search for meaning –Unsatisfying religion –Warring city states

"We're surrounded. That simplifies the problem!" Case Study I: China

New Ideas Emerge - “The Hundred Masters” Confucius (Kong Fuzi)- Confucianism –Searches for clues to good governance, society –People are innately good –Government by junzi (superior man) Laozi - Daoism –Follow the order of nature, do nothing Xunzi – Legalism –People are innately bad –Need for strong authoritarian rule and harsh punishment Scholars were bureaucrats & not free thinkers as in Greece & South Asia

A person is born with a liking for profit A good traveler has no fixed plans, and is not intent on arriving Respect yourself and others will respect you Kong Fuzi Laozi Xunzi

Case Study II: South Asia The Vedas - collections of songs and prayers, most important is the Rig Veda The Vedas are a priestly perspective (priests would be interested in maintaining their own high positions in society (POV)

Aryan Invasions

Aryans spread from Indus Valley south across India to Ganges Plain Raj- kingdoms- emerged –Ruled by Kshatriyas –Some are oligarchies Aryan oral traditions is finally preserved using Sanskrit Written alphabet challenged power of Brahmins

Hinduism Aryan and Dravidian beliefs fused to create Hindu religion Very defined social order created stability (Castes) Occupation defined role –Priests and Teachers –Warriors and Nobles –Farmers, Artisans and Merchants –Landless Peasants and Serfs Jati - sub-castes, occupationally related Untouchables are added later (outcastes) Upward mobility impossible Foreigners are absorbed into the caste system-stability

Gender in Vedic Society Patriarchal Women have no public authority Women explicitly under men’s control Law Book of Manu -second class status of women Sati recommended

When translated the word Sati literally means virtuous woman. also refers to the goddess, Sati, who is the daughter of Daksha and the wife of Shiva "The widow of a Brahmana should either immolate herself in the fire with the corpse of her deceased husband or observe a lifelong vow of brahmacaryam (celibacy) from that date.“ "That women who follows her husband in death purifies three families – that of her mother, of her father and of her husband.".

Law Book of Manu - Manusmriti deals with four subjects: –the origin of the world –the sources of dharma – the rules of the four social & spiritual orders –karma-yoga

Contemporary views on women About teaching women to read and write, the Greek playwright Menander wrote, "What a terrible thing to do! Like feeding a vile snake on more poison." Aristotle: "The male is by nature superior and the female inferior...the one rules and the other is ruled.“ Manusmriti "Those who seek great prosperity and happiness should never inflict pain on women. Where women are honored, in that family great men are born, but where they are not honored, all acts are fruitless”

New Ideas Emerge Siddartha Gautama – Buddhism –“Four Truths” –Must follow “Noble Eightfold Path” –No place for the supernatural –Patronized by urban merchants

Better than a thousand hollow words, is one word that brings peace. It is better to travel well than to arrive All living beings long to live. No one wants to die Non-violence is the highest religion

V. Mediterranean Region Don’t forget the Greeks! (because they’re awesome)

The Greeks Hellenic to Hellenistic Wow! Our music is really depressing.

“Axial Age” Similar to Zhou dynasty and developments in South Asia Eastern Mediterranean becomes a hybrid society –Mixture of old & new Traders carry ideas –Coins, political ideas, alphabet

Legacies of the Greco-Roman World Rationalism –Philosophy, science and history Humanism –Truth, art and athletics Inherent Order –Natural law, physics and taxonomy Politics –Government, civic responsibility and democracy Delphi

Early Philosophy ( BCE) Is the world permanent or changing? Democritus – all physical things are formed by combinations of tiny particles called atoms. Sophists – “Man is the measure of all things” –There is no common objective reality that all persons grasp the same way.” –Truth is relative to each individual –Pleasure is the highest good - hedonism

Socratic Philosophers ( BCE) “Truth and reality are absolute” Socrates –Truth is in the mind but hidden by false impressions –You can only know the truth through inquiry –Stressed importance of honor & integrity “The unexamined life is not worth living”

Plato –Dualism – the world is imperfect, changeable and different in appearance to every individual; the world we perceive is an illusion, the real world is a world of “ideal” forms. –Philosophers will discover the perfect, eternal, real world –Republic – society should be governed by “Philosopher kings” There is only one real tree.

Aristotle –Reality = form and matter –Logic - key to truth and happiness, by logic people can gain knowledge –“Golden Mean” – perfection, virtuous and excellent between extremes, when neither adding something nor taking something away will make improvements. –Government – rule by the middle class, devoted to general welfare of the people. –Use senses to classify science (taxonomy) –Develops inductive thinking- The Politics –Wants to strengthen urban communities OK, everyone with an exoskeleton, over there.

The most difficult thing in life is to know yourself Men create the gods in their own image Nothing exists except atoms and empty space; everything else is opinion Thales Democritus Xenophanes

A great city is not to be confounded with a populous one As the builders say, the larger stones do not lie well without the lesser. PlatoAristotle

Alexander’s conquest leads to the Hellenistic Age Hellenistic -derived from Héllēn –Greek word for “Greek”

Influence of Hellenistic Culture Hellenistic is not one single culture Political expansion leads to cultural diffusion Leads to new states leads and more warfare Leads to stability in trading –Growth of “Silk Road” –Use of money & common language

Influence of Hellenistic Culture Language –“common” Greek spoken –easier communication between Egyptians, Syrians, Judeans Religion –Led to worship of Greek gods –Not accepted universally ex. Jews in Judea rebelled vs. Hellenistic culture –JudaismHellenism One God Gods, Goddesses and Who Knows What! Man in the Image of God Gods in the Image of Man Beauty of Balance Beauty as Ideal

Influence of Hellenistic Culture Arts –Sculpture more realistic Cosmopolitan Cities –Alexandria becomes the model – huge library –Inhabitants become “cosmopolitan” – Not just citizens of a particular polis Becomes ultimately the culture of elites –base of later Roman culture

Hellenistic Philosophers (340 BCE) Philosophy becomes accessible to a wider audience Affluent members of the population, including women, begin to study philosophy focuses on the problem of human happiness What is the meaning of this?

Epicureans –knowledge originates and stops in the senses –pleasure is the only good and pain is the only evil –man must moderate himself in reference to these desires Cake is yummy! But, eating an entire cake would make you sick. That’s evil.

Stoics – led by Zeno The universe functions according to a plan of goodness – “Natural Law” –Nature is understood through reason –All persons are inherently equal –You can live in harmony with nature but need to control your passions (Get over it!)

Cynics –preached a return to nature and a rejection of society as the key to man's happiness –Did not consider themselves members of any nations Diogenes made his home in the streets of Athens, made a virtue of extreme poverty. Lived in a large tub, walked the streets carrying a lamp in the daytime claiming to be looking for an honest man. Nice tub, mate!

Skeptics –by doubting everything, believed that they could attain a state of perfect tranquility –Bet they didn’t even believe that!

Hellenistic Science Math –Pythagoras - The Pythagorean Theorem

Hellenistic Science Physics –Archimedes – lever and hydrostatic discoveries –Aristotle's - "Physics" and "Metaphysics” Not heavy, not heavy, not heavy.

Hellenistic Science Astronomy (applying logical thinking and geometry) –Anaxagoras - cause of eclipses –Aristarchus - the earth goes around the sun –Thales - the earth is round.

Hellenistic Science Medicine –You could learn to understand and treat diseases by using careful observation and logical thought. –Hippocrates - dismissed the notion that Magic or spirits caused or cured disease. Chant after me: Black bile, yellow bile, phlegm and blood.

Hellenistic Science Cartography –The earth is a sphere –Claudius Ptolemy wrote Guide to Geography (Geographike hyphygesis)-remained an authorative reference on world geography for 1500 years.

Discuss changes and continuities in intellectual development in Greek-influenced areas from 500 B.C.E. to 30 B.C.E.