Groundwater Quality Research and Resources at the Institute of Natural Resources Sustainability (INRS) Illinois State Water Survey (ISWS) Illinois State Geological Survey (ISGS) Illinois Natural History Survey (INHS) Illinois Sustainable Technology Center (ISTC) January 27, 2009

Groundwater Quality Research: INRS Equipment Resources Drilling rigs and trained personnel (ISGS) Field equipment – Pumps – Multi-sondes (T, pH, ORP, SpC, DO, etc.) – Miscellaneous sampling equipment – Water level measurement devices

Groundwater Quality Research: INRS Analytical Laboratories ISWS Public Service Laboratory (PSL) – Anions (ion chromatography); Metals (ICP-AES and AA); Alkalinity (titration); TKN, NH 4 -N, NO 2 -N, P (colorimetry); Organic Carbon (combustion); TDS – Free analysis for domestic well owners ISGS Isotopic Geochemistry lab – Stable isotopes (δD, δ 18 O, δ 13 C; sample prep for δ 34 S) – Radioisotopes ( 3 H-water, 14 C-DIC, CH 4 ) – Gases: N 2, O 2 +Ar, CO 2, CH 4, alkanes (C2 to C6)

Groundwater Quality Research: INRS Analytical Laboratories (cont.) ISTC analytical laboratories – Metals, including speciation and Hg (ICP-MS, AA) – Organic compounds, such as PAHs, VOCs, pesticides, etc. (HPLC and GCMS systems) – other

Groundwater Quality Research: INRS Data Resources Databases (ISWS and ISGS) – Groundwater quality (domestic and public supply) – Well locations and logs – Water levels, aquifer properties, etc.

Groundwater Quality Researchers at INRS ISWSISGS Sam Panno Keith Hackley Ivan Krapac William Roy Randy Locke Jim Miner Bill Dey Ed Mehnert Walt Kelly Tom Holm George Roadcap Steve Wilson Al Wehrmann

Research Collaborators with INRS: Groundwater Quality UIOthers ISU NIU SIU-Carbondale SIU-Edwardsville UI-Chicago USGS IEPA IDOA IDPH County Health Depts. Municipalities Dept. Geology Dept. Civil & Environmental Engineering Dept. Materials Science Vet/Med ACES NRES

INRS Groundwater Quality Research: Overview Geochemical characterization of aquifers Contamination – Nutrients (N) and other agricultural issues – Urbanization/land use changes – Natural drinking water contaminants Arsenic Radium and barium – Vulnerable Environments Karst systems Nature Preserves

INRS Groundwater Quality Research: Highlights

Mahomet Aquifer

Kendall County: Shallow Groundwater Quality

Kendall County: Shallow Groundwater

Kane County Shallow Aquifers: Chloride Gray areas: aquifer material within 50 ft of land surface

Chicago Region: annual average snowfall: 38 inches >55,000 lane miles annual average road salt application: > 270,000 tons

Aerial view of Lake Calumet Cal Sag Channel Grand Calumet R Calumet River Lake Michigan Lake Calumet Wolf Lake N Loop 12 miles IL/IN 94

Lake Calumet Shallow Monitoring Wells: Cl - 94 [1991] Wells < 20 ft

Public Supply Wells: Chicago Region 55% have positive trends; >60% in DuPage, Will, Kane 37% > 1 mg/L/yr; 12% > 4 mg/L/yr

Identification of the sources of Na & Cl

Case study: Karst Waters

Mason Co. Tree Nursery

Nitrate Isotopes

Some Illinois Samples: Row Crop Sites

Nitrate Isotopes: ISU Research Farm

Pharmaceutical and Personal Care Products (PPCPs) in the Environment Tetra- cycline Chlortetra- cycline Oxytetra- cycline Anhydro- tetracycline Anhydro- chlortetra- cycline Manure slurry* < 5< 10 Separated Effluent* < 5< 10 Manure surface^ < Manure deep^ < 13.1< 1< 2 Effluent surface^ < 2 *ng/mL ^ng/g Tetracycline in Soil Amendments and Soils: ISU Farm

Program Objectives: Monitor Long-Term Groundwater Quality Near Swine Confinement Facilities Determine the Occurrence and Concentration of: – Nutrients – Viruses – Antibiotics – Antibiotic Resistance Genes Evaluate the fate and transport of antibiotics and antibiotic resistance genes in soil and groundwater Monitoring Confined Animal Feeding Operations (CAFOS)

Tetracycline Detections Parent Compounds Conc. (µg/L)NTetracyclineChlor- tetracycline Oxy- tetracycline All Samples52455 Groundwater45002 ( ) Manure74 ( )5 ( )3 ( ) Breakdown Products Anhydro- tetracycline Beta-Apoxy- tetracycline Anhydro- chlortetracycline All Samples27364 Groundwater241 (0.1)3 (0.1 – 0.3)3 ( ) Manure32 (0.2)3 ( )1 (0.4)

Chloride Concentrations and tet Gene Frequency Chloride (mg/L)Gene Frequency (%) ( N = 95)

Determining Soil Cleanup Objectives (SCOs) for IDOA Derive SCOs for fertilizer NH 4 -N spills – Protect groundwater quality in Illinois – SCO ≈ amount sorbed plus extent of dilution times a groundwater quality objective – Movement of NH 4 + as well as nitrification – 10 mg/L as N yields a default SCO of 38 mg/kg for NH 4 + – Experiments showed SCOs correlated with cation exchange capacity (CEC)

Proposed Default Soil Cleanup Objectives for Ammonium: Since Promulgated by IDOA CECClass I as mg N/kg Class II as mg N/kg < 85001,000 8 to 151,0003, to 242,2009,300

Arsenic in the Mahomet

100m

Arsenic Solubility Affected by OM Availability Symbol size: Relative As conc.

Arsenic Removal Pilot Plant at Danvers, IL Water Treatment Plant

Effect of H 2 O 2 and Iron Dosage on Arsenic Removal

Radium (Ra) in Water from the Deep Bedrock Aquifer System Area Where 226 Ra Ra > 5 pCi/L has been Detected in Deep Bedrock System Map Modified from Kay (1999) The USEPA drinking water standard for combined Ra is 5 pCi/L

Radium Concentrations by Aquifer

Barium in Deep Bedrock Aquifers

Karst

Fecal Bacteria: Karst (% detects)

Land Use in Karst: Well Data

 15 NO 3 - Data: Wells (Karst)

Nature Preserves Program Cooperative effort of the Surveys with IDNR since 1998 PIs: Randy Locke and Jim Miner

= generalized surface water movement = infiltration trench = water quality sampling location (77) = chloride conc. (mg/L), Nov 2007 Clean pond (70) Gifford Lake Portal 6 (150) South Outfall (220) higher chloride P82-S (160) Bluff Spring Fen, Chloride (Nov. 2007)

Chloride - Well P82-S

The End