Islam

Arabian Peninsula--between Red Sea & Persian Gulf (Arabian Desert) Arabian Peninsula--between Red Sea & Persian Gulf (Arabian Desert) Bedouins—nomadic herders Bedouins—nomadic herders Tribes—Everyone obeys rules=survival Tribes—Everyone obeys rules=survival

Blood feuds Blood feuds Mecca —important trading city Mecca —important trading city Kaaba (housed statues of many Arab gods) Kaaba (housed statues of many Arab gods)

Muhammad Born in Mecca 570 AD Born in Mecca 570 AD HONEST caravan leader HONEST caravan leader Married wealthy widow Married wealthy widow Devoted time to reflecting on life Devoted time to reflecting on life

610—Muhammad had revelations 610—Muhammad had revelations Allah (Arabic word for God) told Muhammad to “Recite!” Allah (Arabic word for God) told Muhammad to “Recite!” –Warned against idol worship & sin –Allah was one true god

Wealthy merchants feared Islam would stop tourism to Kaaba & threaten profit Wealthy merchants feared Islam would stop tourism to Kaaba & threaten profit Mecca’s merchants threatened Muslims Mecca’s merchants threatened Muslims

622—Muhammad & Muslims fled from Mecca to Yathrib—Hijrah (flight) 622—Muhammad & Muslims fled from Mecca to Yathrib—Hijrah (flight) City’s name changed to Medina City’s name changed to Medina 622—beginning of Muslim calendar 622—beginning of Muslim calendar

624—Medina Compact 624—Medina Compact –place loyalty to Islamic community over tribe

630—Muhammad invaded Mecca 630—Muhammad invaded Mecca Muhammad destroyed idols in the Kaaba Muhammad destroyed idols in the Kaaba

Qur’an (Koran) which means “recital” is the Muslim holy book Qur’an (Koran) which means “recital” is the Muslim holy book –Conversations between Muhammad & angel Gabriel

Qur’an Moral Values: Qur’an Moral Values: –Honor their parents –Kindness to neighbors –Protect orphans & widows –Give generously to the poor –Murder, stealing, and lying, and adultery are condemned –Gambling, eating pork, & drinking alcohol are NOT ALLOWED –The Quran also has rules for divorce & marriage

5 PILLARS OF ISLAM 1.) Faith –belief in Allah— 1 true God 2.) Prayer –5 times a day facing Mecca— sunrise, noon, afternoon, sunset, & evening (mosques have minarets, towers, where people made call to prayer)

3.) Fasting –Occurs during month of Ramadan— 9 th month in the Muslim calendar 4.) Alms giving –Charity 5.) Pilgrimage –Trip to Mecca –Called a hajj

Halal Word means lawful Word means lawful Refers to foods that are OK for Muslims to eat Refers to foods that are OK for Muslims to eat Similar to Jewish “kosher” food Similar to Jewish “kosher” food Mammals that both chew their cud and have cloven hooves can be kosher. Animals with one characteristic but not the other (the camel, the hyrax and the hare because they have no cloven hooves, and the pig because it does not ruminate) are specifically excluded (Leviticus 11:3–8)

Caliphs=Muhammad’s successors Caliphs=Muhammad’s successors 632: Abu Bakr (Muhammad’s old friend) 1 st caliph 632: Abu Bakr (Muhammad’s old friend) 1 st caliph 634: Umar 634: Umar –Added Iraq, Syria, Jerusalem, & Egypt

What is jihad? Struggle for Islam Struggle for Islam God said to His Prophet, 'Do not obey the kafireen (those who reject the truth) but wage jihad with it (the Qur'an) against them. [25:52]'" God said to His Prophet, 'Do not obey the kafireen (those who reject the truth) but wage jihad with it (the Qur'an) against them. [25:52]'"

644: Ali (Muhammad’s son in law & cousin) lost caliph to Umayyad clan 644: Ali (Muhammad’s son in law & cousin) lost caliph to Umayyad clan –Umayyad killed & Ali became caliph CIVIL WAR CIVIL WAR –Ali’s forces vs. Umayyads –Ali KILLED & Mu’awiya made caliph starting Umayyad Dynasty

Sunni Majority of world’s Muslims Majority of world’s Muslims Caliph can be any devout Muslim accepted by the people Caliph can be any devout Muslim accepted by the people Shiite (Shi’a) Mostly in Iraq & Iran Mostly in Iraq & Iran Caliph should be descendant of Muhammad Caliph should be descendant of Muhammad

Umayyad Dynasty Carried Islam into India, China, North Africa, & Spain Carried Islam into India, China, North Africa, & Spain Built Dome of the Rock Built Dome of the Rock

Muslims pushed into France Muslims pushed into France Battle of Tours 732 stopped spread of Islam into Western Europe Battle of Tours 732 stopped spread of Islam into Western Europe

747—non-Arab Muslims & Shiites overthrew Umayyads 747—non-Arab Muslims & Shiites overthrew Umayyads

Abbasid Dynasty Capital in Baghdad Capital in Baghdad House of Wisdom Library Library Greek & Indian texts translated into Arabic Greek & Indian texts translated into Arabic

1055—Baghdad captured by Seljuk Turks 1055—Baghdad captured by Seljuk Turks 1100s—Christian soldiers (crusaders) from Europe in Holy War 1100s—Christian soldiers (crusaders) from Europe in Holy War

1258—Mongols invaded Baghdad & ended Abbasid Dynasty 1258—Mongols invaded Baghdad & ended Abbasid Dynasty Ottoman Turks help Arabs Ottoman Turks help Arabs

Family Life Men could have up to 4 wives Men could have up to 4 wives –Wives treated equally Women could only go out to mosque or market Women could only go out to mosque or market

Mathematics Adopted Indian numbers, calling them Arabic numerals Adopted Indian numbers, calling them Arabic numerals Algebra Algebra

Astronomy & Geography Astrolabe Astrolabe Outlined map of Asia, Europe, & North Africa Outlined map of Asia, Europe, & North Africa

Medicine Al-Razi—diagnosed smallpox & measles Al-Razi—diagnosed smallpox & measles Ibn Sina wrote Canon of Medicine medical encyclopedia Ibn Sina wrote Canon of Medicine medical encyclopedia Optics (study of sight) Optics (study of sight)

Art Arabic script to decorate mosques Arabic script to decorate mosques Geometric designs, leaves, flowers Geometric designs, leaves, flowers

Literature Arabian Nights “The Thousand and One Nights” Arabian Nights “The Thousand and One Nights”