The fight against Trafficking in Human Beings (Rome, 22 March 2012) Maggiore Anna Bonifazi

Special Operations Group of Italian Carabinieri Phases: -Recruitment -Transportation -Reception/ Logistical support Use of deception and threat: -False promise of legal work -Recruitment by someone known and trusted by victim -Use of psychological violence -Threats to family members in the country of origin - Subjugation of victims with magic rituals (e.g. Wodoo for Nigerian women) Huge economic interests: -Phenomenon of multi-trafficking ( people, drugs, firearms, etc.) Transnationalism Transnational crime in at least 2 state Linguistic and cultural complexity - Need for cultural mediators, interpreters, psychologists, bilingual police force, priests, etc.

Special Operations Group of Italian Carabinieri LawBeneficiariesObjectiveContent Art. 18 D. lgs 286/98 Both domestic and foreign victims of violence and severe exploitation Assistance and social integration Medium- term programme of assistance and permit of residence on humanitarian grounds Art. 13 Law 228/03 Domestic and foreign victims of trafficking Immediate assistance Emergency programme of assistance

Special Operations Group of Italian Carabinieri Who are the victims? -Men -Women -Minors Where are they from? -Eastern Europe -Africa -Asia -South America What type of exploitation? -Labour exploitation -Sexual exploitation -Criminal activities/ street begging What are the man features of human trafficking? -Organised -Transnational -Linked to other forms of international trafficking

Special Operations Group of Italian Carabinieri A victim of trafficking: does not recognise the context of trafficking; believes in the trafficker’s ‘promises’; Even if she has doubts, she deludes herself into believe that the exploitation will be short and she will eventually regain her freedom; If she has experienced physical or sexual violence, she feels guilty and uncomfortable; She is worried about herself and her family; She does not trust the police; She is scared.

Special Operations Group of Italian Carabinieri A victim of trafficking: might have been indoctrinated and intimidated by the trafficker; might have been brainwashed; might be confused; might have an hostile attitude, might be angry, scared and distrustful; might not be willing to doubt the ‘good will’ of her trafficker especially if she feels tied to him/her by some sort of relationship; might lie.

Special Operations Group of Italian Carabinieri Operation NUOVA ERA (year 2005) Italy 23 arrests Greece (op. JINDA) 42 arrests Turkey (op. YAYLA) 33 arrests Criminal matrix Chinese MAFIA ORGANISED CRIME: Counterfeiting of documents Kidnapping Enslavement Trafficking in human beings Labour Exploitation

Special Operations Group of Italian Carabinieri Operation TERRA PROMESSA (year 2006) Italy 27 arrests Poland 13 arrests Criminal matrix: Polish ORGANISED CRIME AIMED AT: Trafficking in human beings Enslavement Labour Exploitation

Special Operations Group of Italian Carabinieri Operation VIOLA (year ) 1st phase - year 2008 Italy 19 arrests Netherlands (op. Kollvis) 29 arrests 1st phase - year 2009 (Italy, Nigeria, Turkey, Bulgary, Netherlands, Colombia) 35 arrests Criminal matrix: Nigerian NIGERIAN ORGANISED CRIME AIMED AT: International trafficking of drugs Enslavement and Child Trafficking Sexual Exploitation

Special Operations Group of Italian Carabinieri Operation CARONTE (year 2009) Italy 17 arrests Criminal matrix: North - African TRANSNATIONAL ORGANISED CRIME AIMED AT: Trafficking in human beings Smuggling Counterfeiting of Identity Documents