₪ Kieven Rus ₪ Vladimir I- forced conversions ₪ Church-State tied ₪ Marital alliances ₪ Mongol Invaders left aristocratic boyars

₪ Trade reliant state ₪ Non-diversified trade

₪ Orthodox Christianity- from Vladimir I ₪ Created Russian-Orthodox Church ₪ Church had great power

₪ Religious literature ₪ Religious art and architecture ₪ Aristocratic boyars ₪ Free farming peasants

₪ Byzantines: trade, religion, culture ₪ Invasion by Mongols

Russia (Keivan Rus)Byzantine Empire ₪ Orthodox Christianity ₪ Reliance on Trade ₪ No middle class ₪ Small artisan class ₪ Clasical Greek/Roman Ideas ₪ Church/State tied ₪ Non-diversified trade network ₪ Orthodox Christianity ₪ Reliance on Trade ₪ Small Middle Class ₪ Large Artisan Class ₪ Classical Greek/Roman Ideas ₪ Church/State tied ₪ Diversified trade network

₪ Economy always tied with Byzantine’s economy ₪ Religion influential in cultural and political life ₪ Center of power shifts from Kiev to Moscow when the Mongols invade ₪ Mongols cause feudal system to implement b/c of need for protection by peasants

 Liberation from Mongols  Expansion  Peter the Great- authoritarian, selective westernization,  Catherine the Great- Pugachev Rebellion, selective westernization, growing boyar power  Partition of Poland  feudalism

 Manoralism  Fur Trading

 Russian Orthodoxy  Church/State Tied

 Harsh serfdom  Inheritable serfdom  No middle class  Few artisans  Social unrest  Cossaks

 Expansion: Ottoman Empire, Siberia, Alaska, Sweden  Partition of Poland  Westernization

RussiaJapan  Selective Westernization  Feudal Society  Remained Involved in European Affairs  Christian(Orthodox)  Selective Westernization  Feudal Society  Self-Imposed Isolation  Anti-Christian

 Remained feudal  Westernization only effecting upper class  Expansion  Russian Orthodoxy  Authoritarian Gov’t  Capital moved from Moscow to St. Petersburg

 Anti-Westernization (French Revolution)  Westernization  Expansion  Authoritarian  Rise of Anarchists and Communists (Bolsheviks)

Defeat in Crimean War Decembrist Revolt Westernization Defeat in Russo- Japanese War Revolution of 1905 Duma and Stolypin Reforms

 Gov’t Regulation  Foreign Investment  Manufacturing and city growth  Grain trade with Western Europe

 Growing secularism  Church no longer politically influential

 End to Feudalism  Emergence of Proletariat class  Anarchist movements had little support  Poverty filled  No middle class  Social unrest

 Crimean War- Ottomans and Britain  Russo-Japanese War- Japan  Grain Trade with Western Europe  Foreign Investment  Freedom of Slavic Nations  Holy Alliance

RussiaOttoman Empire  Westernization/ Industrialization of army  Inner social unrest  Revolutions put down  Growing threat of nationalism  Emerging Empire  Westernization/ Industrialization of army  Inner social unrest  Revolutions succeeded  Growing threat of nationalism  Waning Empire

 Remained authoritarian  Social unrest  Expansion  High poverty levels  No middle class  Ended feudalism in 1861  Anti-Westernization to Westernization

 WWI  End to tsarist rule  Treaty of Brest-Litvosk  Spread of communism  Lenin and Stalin  United Socialist Soviet Republic (USSR)  WWII  Cold War

WWI Revolution of 1917 Nationalist Liberal Party Lenin and the Bolsheviks StalinWWII

 Fell during WWI  Food shortages  Rose during the 1920’s  New Economic Policy under Lenin: freedom for individual advancement  Fully industrialized between  State controlled economy

 Growing secularism  Religion banned under Stalin

 Poverty of the masses  Under Stalin: totalitarian state ◦ Anti-western art, architecture, and music ◦ Persecuted scientists who interfered with Marxism  Women subordinate  After WWII ◦ Looser controls on music and literature ◦ Organized sports ◦ Sciences gov’t funded

 WWI  WWII  Spread of Communism- China, Japan, East Europe, South East Asia, Cuba, South America, Middle East  USSR  Cold War

RussiaGermany  Communist regime overthrows liberal regime  Totalitarian  Large, poorly trained army  Forced to sign disadvantageous treaty (Treaty of Brest- Litvosk)  Fascist regime overthrows liberal regime  Totalitarian  Smaller, well trained army  Forced to sign disadvantageous treaty (Treaty of Versailles)

 High poverty levels remain  Land reforms unsuccessful  End to tsarist reign-1917  Beginning of Communist rule  Successful Industrialization