World Civilizations Unit 12 PP 1 Chapter 20 sections 1 & 2 The Congress of Vienna

The age of ideologies: REVIEW Conservatism: Liberalism: Nationalism:

Return to the old order Following the Congress of Vienna Metternich and the conservatives began to suppress revolutionary thought with a program known as the Concert of Europe ▫The Metternich system

Revolutions of 1820 The first challenges to the Metternich system come from Central and Eastern Europe ▫Serbia ▫Greece ▫Italy ▫Spain ▫RESULTS ▫Why?

France Ruled by a constitutional charter and Louis XVIII Reforms that stayed ▫Press, speech, religion ▫Only 100,000 of 30 million vote ▫Nobles believed the country too liberal so when Louis dies in 1824 they begin to work on Charles X ( )

Charles X Brother of Louis XVI and XVIII Wanted to reestablish the old order in France 5 hour coronation ceremony (very medieval) 1830 he tried to revoke the constitutional charter Within 3 days the upper-middle class led a revolt and unseated him

Louis Phillippe ( ) Louis Phillippe was the cousin of Charles X and the Duke of Orleans Known as the “Citizen King” dressed like a businessman Kept the monarchy but extended the vote a little Adopted the “tricolore” (flag)of the revolution But…still favored the wealthy

Other revolutions in the 1820’s and 1830’s Belgium ( ) ▫Why? Poland ( ) ▫Why? ▫The Cadet revolution

Factors in the Revolutions of 1848 Nationalism: Created by who? Economic crisis: bad harvests led to business failures and unemployment (Marx???) ▫Drought in Europe, Potato blight (Ireland) Romantic movement: Carried out in the arts and literature. Revolt against classicism (rules for art) and the enlightenment (rationality, order and restraint) ▫Spontaneity, love of nature, emotional exuberance, imagination

Romantic artists Giuseppe Verdi: Italian nationalist composer Richard Wagner: German nationalist composerRichard Wagner Alexander Dumas: The Three Musketeers Eugene Delacroix: Liberty Leading the People (1830) ▫Gothic (Mary Shelley)

France Problem: Discontent with Louis Philippe by the working class ▫Feb they rose up and Louis abdicated creating the 2 nd French republic ▫Louis Blanc emerges as a leader of the 10 man board that now runs France ▫France begins a national workshops program ▫By June the middle class has had enough and elects more conservative delegates who end the workshops

The June Days The poor responded by barricading the streets which led to 3 days of fighting ▫10,000 dead ▫Shows the division in French society ▫Socialism rejected as too radical

Louis Napoleon Nephew of the Emperor, wins the Presidency in late 1848 More conservative but also believed in helping the poor At the end of his 4 year term the Assembly tried to stop him from running again but failed ▫December 1851 he was elected to a 10 year term ▫1 year later 97% voted him Emperor Napoleon III

Austria The Empire had too many ethnic groups and had rejected all liberal reform Vienna March 1848 ▫Student led disturbances asking for liberal reform ▫Nationalist revolts from the  Czechs  Hungarians (Louis Kossuth)  Italians  German States (Frankfurt Parliament)

Results of 1848 The Austrian imperial government decided to reassert its authority October of 1848 ▫Bombard Vienna and liberal revolt folded ▫December 2:Emperor Ferdinand I abdicates and is replaced by his nephew Francis Joseph ( ) ▫By March 1849 military rule is reestablished over the Hungarians, Czechs and Italians ▫German states failed to unify