1-1 Lecture 1: CHEM 312 Introduction Class organization §Outcomes §Grading Chart of the nuclides §Description and use of chart §Data Radiochemistry introduction §Atomic properties §Nuclear nomenclature §X-rays §Types of decays §forces

1-2 CHEM 312: Introduction Outcomes for CHEM 312 §Understand the fundamentals of radiation science §Understand chemical properties in radiation and radiochemistry §Comprehend and evaluate the production of isotopes and nuclear reactions §Comprehend radioactive decay §Utilization of nuclear properties in chemistry and research §Investigation of modern topics in radiochemistry

1-3 Grading Homework Quizzes (10 %) §Weekly quiz based on homework assignment Three exams (20 % each) §Based on topic covered and homework Literature Report (5 %) §Written report on literature Final Exam (25 %) §Based on topics from exams §May be oral exam Introduce radiochemistry concepts and research

1-4 Outline Class #DateTopic 1Monday28-AugChart of the Nuclides, Chap 1. Introductory Concepts 2Wednesday30-AugChap 1. Introductory Concepts XXXMonday04-SepLabor Day 3Wednesday06-SepChap 2. Nuclear Properties 4Monday11-SepChap. 3 Decay Kinetics 5Wednesday13-SepChap. 3 Decay Kinetics 6Monday18-SepChap. 3 Decay Kinetics 7Wednesday20-SepExam 1 8Monday25-SepChap. 5 Nuclear Forces 9Wednesday27-SepChap. 6 Nuclear Structure 10Monday02-OctChap. 7 Alpha Decay 11Wednesday04-OctChap. 7 Alpha Decay 12Monday09-OctChap. 8 Beta Decay 13Wednesday11-OctChap. 9 Gamma Decay 14Monday16-OctChap. 9 Gamma Decay 15Wednesday18-OctExam 2 16Monday23-OctChap. 10 Nuclear Reactions

1-5 Outline 17 Wednesday25-Oct Chap. 10 Nuclear Reactions 18 Monday30-Oct Chap. 11 Fission 19 Wednesday01-Nov Chap. 11 Fission 20 Monday06-Nov Chap. 4 Radiotracers 21 Wednesday08-Nov Chap. 12 Cosmochemistry 22 Monday13-Nov Chap. 13 Analytical applications 23 Wednesday15-Nov Chap. 14 Reactors and Accelerators 24 Monday20-Nov Exam 3 25 Wednesday22-Nov Chap. 15 Transuranium elements 26 Monday27-Nov Chap. 16 Nuclear Fuel Cycle 27 Wednesday29-Nov Chap. 17 Interaction of Radiation with Matter 28 Monday04-Dec Chap. 18 Radiation detectors 29 Wednesday06-Dec Chap. 19 Radiochemical Techniques in Research 30 Monday11-Dec 1010 AM: Final Exam

1-6 Chart of the Nuclides Presentation of data on nuclides §Information on chemical element §Nuclide information àSpin and parity (0 + for even-even nuclides) àFission yield §Stable isotope àIsotopic abundance àReaction cross sections àMass Radioactive isotope §Half-life §Modes of decay and energies §Beta disintegration energies §Isomeric states §Natural decay series §Reaction cross sections

1-7 Chart of the Nuclides How many stable isotopes of Ni? What is the mass and isotopic abundance of 84 Sr? Spin and parity of 201 Hg? Decay modes and decay energies of 212 Bi What are the isotopes in the 235 U decay series? What is the half-life of 176 Lu? What is the half-life of 176 Yb

1-8 Chart of Nuclides Decay modes §Alpha §Beta §Positron §Photon §Electron capture §Isomeric transition §Internal conversion §Spontaneous fission §Cluster decay

 decay (occurs among the heavier elements) 2.  decay 3. Positron emission 4. Electron capture 5. Spontaneous fission Types of Decay

1-10 Introduction Radiochemistry §Chemistry of the radioactive isotopes and elements §Utilization of nuclear properties in evaluating and understanding chemistry §Intersection of chart of the nuclides and periodic table Atom §Z and N in nucleus ( m) §Electron interaction with nucleus basis of chemical properties ( m) àElectrons can be excited *Higher energy orbitals *Ionization ØBinding energy of electron effects ionization §Isotopes àSame Z different N §Isobar àSame A (sum of Z and N) §Isotone àSame N, different Z §Isomer àNuclide in excited state à 99m Tc

1-11 Terms and decay modes Identify the isomer, isobars, isotones, and isotopes § 60m Co, 57 Co, 58 Co, 57 Ni, 57 Fe, 59 Ni Identify the daughter from the decay of the following isotopes § 210 Po § 196 Pb § 204 Bi § 209 Pb § 222 At § 212 Bi § 208 Pb

1-12 X-rays Electron from a lower level is removed §electrons of the higher levels can come to occupy resulting vacancy §energy is returned to the external medium as electromagnetic radiation radiation called an X-ray §discovered by Roentgen in 1895 §In studying x-rays radiation emitted by uranium ores Becquerel et. al. (P. and M. Curie) discovered radioactivity in 1896

1-13 X-rays Removal of K shell electrons §Electrons coming from the higher levels will emit photons while falling to this K shell  series of rays (frequency or wavelength ) are noted as K , K , K   If the removed electrons are from the L shell, noted as L , L , L  In 1913 Moseley studied these frequencies, showing that: where Z is the atomic number and, A and Z 0 are constants depending on the observed transition. K series, Z 0 = 1, L series, Z 0 = 7.4.

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1-15 Absorption Spectra Edge keV A K L-I L-II L-III M M M M M N N N U absorption edges and scattering coefficients

1-16 Fundamentals of x-rays X-rays §X-ray wavelengths from 1E-5 angstrom to 100 angstrom àDe-acceleration of high energy electrons àElectron transitions from inner orbitals *Bombardment of metal with high energy electrons *Secondary x-ray fluorescence by primary x-rays *Radioactive sources *Synchrotron sources

1-17 Half Lives N/N o =e - t N=N o e - t =(ln 2)/t 1/2 is decay constant Rate of decay of 131 I as a function of time.

1-18 Equation questions Calculate decay constant for the following § 75 Se § 74m Ga § 81 Zn What percentage of 66 As remains after 0.5 seconds How long would it take to decay 90 % of 65 Zn? If you have 1 g of 72 Se initially, how much remains in 12 days?

1-19 Forces in nature Four fundamental forces in nature § All interactions in the universe are the result of these forces Gravity §Weakest force §most significant when the interacting objects are massive, such as planets, stars, etc. Weak interaction §Beta decay Electromagnetic force §Most observable interactions Strong interaction §Nuclear properties

1-20 Fundamental Forces

1-21 Classic and relativistic

1-22 Use of relativistic terms relativistic expressions photons, neutrinos Electrons > 50 keV nucleons when the kinetic energy/nucleon exceeds 100 MeV

1-23 Wavelengths and energy Planck evaluated minimum from  Ex  t when he studied the radiation emitted by a black body at a given temperature Quantum called Planck’s constant h (h = J.s).  radiation conveys energy E in the form of quanta E = h  the frequency of the emitted radiation Based on the wave mechanics worked out by de Broglie  = h/p  is the wavelength associated with any moving particle with the momentum p

1-24 Wavelengths Photon relationships

1-25 Particle Physics fundamental particles of nature and interaction symmetries Particles classified as fermions or bosons §Fermions obey the Pauli principle àantisymmetric wave functions àhalf-integer spins *Neutrons, protons and electrons àBosons do not obey Pauli principle *symmetric wave functions and integer spins ØPhotons

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1-27 Particle physics Particle groups divided §leptons (electron) §hadrons (neutron and proton) àhadrons can interact via the strong interaction àBoth can interact with other forces àFermionic Hadrons comprised of quarks